Saccharides

2-Deoxy-D-glucose is a glucose analog that acts as a competitive inhibitor of glucose metabolism, inhibiting glycolysis via its actions on hexokinase.

D-Galactose is a natural aldohexose and C-4 epimer of glucose.

D-Glucose is the naturally occurring form of glucose and the most abundant monosaccharide. D-Glucose is a critical components of the general metabolism, and serve as critical signaling molecules in relation to both cellular metabolic status and biotic or abiotic stress response.

Heparan sulfate, a complex and linear polysaccharide, exists as part of glycoproteins named heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which are expressed abundantly on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix.

Hyaluronic acid is a biopolymer composed of repeating units of disaccharides with various applications. Hyaluronic acid is a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Hyaluronic acid is synthesized at the plasma membrane. Increased hyaluronic acid levels are associated with tumor cell growth, adhesion, migration, invasion and angiogenesis in digestive cancers. Hyaluronic acid participates in tissue remodeling and rapid cell proliferation in some physiological processes including embryonic morphogenesis and wound-healing. Hyaluronic acid activates the PI3K-Akt signaling. Hyaluronic acid acts as a regulator of cancer-associated lymphangiogenesis. Hyaluronic acid also enhances cell invasion and angiogenesis by promoting proteolytic MMP-9 binding to cell surface or stimulating MMP-9 binding to cell surface. Hyaluronic acid can be used as drug delivery for sodium butyrate to improve the anti-proliferative activity on breast cancer cell line. Hyaluronic acid can be studied in joint diseases, wound healing and cancer.

Hyaluronic acid sodium (Sodium hyaluronate) is a biopolymer composed of repeating units of disaccharides with various applications. Hyaluronic acid sodium is a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Hyaluronic acid sodium is synthesized at the plasma membrane. Increased hyaluronic acid sodium levels are associated with tumor cell growth, adhesion, migration, invasion and angiogenesis in digestive cancers. Hyaluronic acid sodium participates in tissue remodeling and rapid cell proliferation in some physiological processes including embryonic morphogenesis and wound-healing. Hyaluronic acid sodium activates the PI3K-Akt signaling. Hyaluronic acid sodium acts as a regulator of cancer-associated lymphangiogenesis. Hyaluronic acid sodium also enhances cell invasion and angiogenesis by promoting proteolytic MMP-9 binding to cell surface or stimulating MMP-9 binding to cell surface. Hyaluronic acid sodium can be used as drug delivery for sodium butyrate to improve the anti-proliferative activity on breast cancer cell line. Hyaluronic acid sodium can be studied in joint diseases, wound healing and cancer.

Ethyl α-D-glucopyranoside (Ethyl α-D-glucoside) is a glycoside that can be found in the seeds of Vaccaria segetalis. Ethyl α-D-glucopyranoside can be used for research on inflammation.

Leonuriside A is a natural phenolic compound.

Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) are orally effective linear oligosaccharides with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Alginate oligosaccharides inhibit the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB, promote nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and phosphorylation of AMPK, and reduce the enhanced functional level of TRPV1. Alginate oligosaccharides improve oxidative stress, ROS production, mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction and gait impairment. Alginate oligosaccharides inhibit the release of neuropeptides; alter the structure and viscoelasticity of mucin matrix; disrupt bacterial and fungal biofilms; regulate gut microbiota; and exert anti-apoptotic effects.

Heparin is a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan,that is widely used as an injectable anticoagulant, and has the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule. Heparin significantly inhibits exosome-cell interactions.

D-Mannose is a C-2 superpolymer of glucose that occurs naturally in many plants and fruits. D-Mannose has anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity. D-Mannose plays an important role in immune regulation.

D-(+)-Trehalose (α,α-Trehalose) is an orally active disaccharide, showing anti-desiccant and cryopreservative activities. D-(+)-Trehalose acts as an osmolyte, and stress protectant and helps in the storage and transport of carbon. D-(+)-Trehalose can be used as a food ingredient and pharmaceutical excipient.

Glucosamine (D-Glucosamine) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, is used as a dietary supplement. Glucosamine also is a natural constituent of glycosaminoglycans in the cartilage matrix and synovial fluid, which when administered exogenously, exerts pharmacological effects on osteoarthritic cartilage and chondrocytes.

Acarbose (BAY g 5421), antihyperglycemic agent, is an orally active alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (IC₅₀=11 nM). Acarbose can potentiate the hypoglycemic effects of sulfonylureas or insulin.

Fucoidan, a biologically active polysaccharide, is an efficient inhibitor of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Anticoagulant, antitumor, antioxidant and antisteatotic activities.

N-Acetylneuraminic acid (NANA; Lactaminic acid), a nonphenolic structure, is the predominant form of sialic from Collocalia esculenta. N-Acetylneuraminic acid plays a biological role in myocardial injury, melanoma and viral or bacterial infection. N-Acetylneuraminic acid inhibits melanogenesis by reducing tyrosinase activity and triggers myocardial injury in vitro and in vivo by activation of the Rho/Rho-associated signaling pathway through binding to RhoA and Cdc42. N-Acetylneuraminic acid may prevent high fat diet (HFD)-induced inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby prevents hyperlipidemia-associated inflammation and oxidative stress. N-Acetylneuraminic acid is promising for research in the field of melanoma, coronary artery, obesity-related diseases and hyperlipidemia.

D-Sorbitol (Sorbitol) is a six-carbon sugar alcohol and can used as a sugar substitute. D-Sorbitol can be used as a stabilizing excipient and/or isotonicity agent, sweetener, humectant, thickener and dietary supplement.

N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine (N-Acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose), the D isomer of N-acetylglucosamine, is an orally active monosaccharide derivative of glucose with anti-tumor and anti-inflammation properties. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine is also a bacterial metabolite, which is found in Escherichia coli. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine can induce yeast-mycelial conversion in Candida albicans. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine also enhances healing of cartilaginous injuries in rabbits.

Sucrose (D-(+)-Saccharose) is a disaccharide which is composed of two monosaccharides, glucose and fructose. Sucrose can be applied in some animal models, including metabolic disease, obesity, diet on preference, and diabetes, et al.

Chondroitin sulfate, one of five classes of glycosaminoglycans, has been widely used in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Chondroitin sulfate reduces inflammation mediators and the apoptotic process and is able to reduce protein production of inflammatory cytokines, iNOS and MMPs.