D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride
Based on 3 publication(s) in Google Scholar
D(+)-Galactosamine (D-Galactosamine) hydrochloride, which is an established experimental toxin, primarily causes liver injury by the generation of free radicals and depletion of UTP nucleotides. D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride intoxication also induces renal dysfunction thus, renal failure is often associated with the end-stage of the liver damage. Lipopolysaccharide/D(+)-Galactosamine-induced acute liver injury is a known animal model of fulminant hepatic failure.
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- Reinheit: 99.94%
- CAS. Nr.: 1772-03-8
- Formel: C6H14ClNO5
- Molecular Weight:215.63
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Speicherung:
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride
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In Vivo Efficacy Study
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In Vivo Efficacy Study
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Histological Imaging/Staining
Biologische Aktivität
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Animal Model:C57BL/6J mice[2]
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Dosage:400 mg/kg, together with Lipopolysaccharide (HY-D1056) (LPS, 10 μg/kg)
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Administration:i.p.
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Result:Induces a model of acute liver failure, with necrosis in the liver.
Increased serum ALT and AST levels and serum inflammatory cytokine concentrations, such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18.
Please do not refer to only one article to determine the experimental conditions. It is recommended to determine the optimal experimental conditions (animal strain, age, dosage, frequency and cycle, detection time and indicators, etc.) through preliminary experiments before the formal experiment.
D-Galactosamine can be used to induce hepatitis models.
Administration: 250 mg/kg • i.p. • 6 injection in 24 hours or 1.5 g/kg • i.p.
Morphology: Decreased weight and consistency of liver. Hemorrhages in several organs, particularly in gut and stomach.
Histological Analysis: Induced necrosis and inflammatory infiltration in periportal areas, induced appearance of councilman bodies, enlarged and increased kupffer cells.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Chemical Information
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CAS. Nr. 1772-03-8
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 215.63
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Formel C6H14ClNO5
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Color White to off-white
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SMILES
OC1[C@H](N)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1.[H]Cl
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Synonyms
D-Galactosamine HCl
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Structure Classification
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Initial Source
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Versand
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Speicherung
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)
Publications (3)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Adv Sci (Weinh)
Hepatocyte BDNF Acts as a Novel Immune Checkpoint to Restrain TLR4-Mediated Acute Hepatitis. [Abstract]2026 Mar 25:e21164. PMID: 41881032 -
Int Immunopharmacol
2023 Feb:115:109712. PMID: 37724954 -
Sci Rep
2025 Sep 30;15(1):33878. PMID: 41028031
D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Sci Rep. 2025 Sep 30;15(1):33878. [Abstract]
M464 mitigates LPS/D-GalN-induced acute liver injury in mice. Following intragastric administration of M464 (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg) for 1 h, Mice were intraperitoneally injected with LPS at a dose of 50 μg/kg and D-GalN at 800 mg/kg and then sacrificed after 6 h of stimulation. The groups included Con (control), Mod (LPS injection), DXM (Dexamethasone treatment at 10 mg/kg), and M464 at different doses (15, 30, 60 mg/kg). Gross examination of mice liver.
D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Sci Rep. 2025 Sep 30;15(1):33878. [Abstract]
M464 mitigates LPS/D-GalN-induced acute liver injury in mice. Following intragastric administration of M464 (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg) for 1 h, Mice were intraperitoneally injected with LPS at a dose of 50 μg/kg and D-GalN at 800 mg/kg and then sacrificed after 6 h of stimulation. The groups included Con (control), Mod (LPS injection), DXM (Dexamethasone treatment at 10 mg/kg), and M464 at different doses (15, 30, 60 mg/kg). Liver-to-body weight ratio of mice.
D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Sci Rep. 2025 Sep 30;15(1):33878. [Abstract]
M464 mitigates LPS/D-GalN-induced acute liver injury in mice. Following intragastric administration of M464 (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg) for 1 h, Mice were intraperitoneally injected with LPS at a dose of 50 μg/kg and D-GalN at 800 mg/kg and then sacrificed after 6 h of stimulation. The groups included Con (control), Mod (LPS injection), DXM (Dexamethasone treatment at 10 mg/kg), and M464 at different doses (15, 30, 60 mg/kg). HE staining to analyze histopathological changes in the liver of mice. Red arrows: Areas of hepatocyte hemorrhage; Black arrows: Areas of hepatocyte necrosis. Scale bars = 200 μm.
Lösungsmittel & Löslichkeit
H2O : 100 mg/mL (463.76 mM; Need ultrasonic)
DMSO : 25 mg/mL (115.94 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Konzentration (Stammlösung) × Volumen (Stammlösung) = Konzentration (Ziellösung) × Volumen (Ziellösung)
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.59 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.59 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:
It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: PBS
Solubility: 100 mg/mL (463.76 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
Reinheit & Dokumentation
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Data Sheet (278 KB)
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SDS (394 KB)
- English - EN (394 KB)
- Français - FR (394 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (394 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
Verweise
[1]. Li Y, et al. Inhibition of PI3K/AKt/mTOR signaling pathway protects against d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver failure by chaperone-mediated autophagy in rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017 Aug;92:544-553. [Content Brief]
[2]. Liu Y, et al. AMSC-derived exosomes alleviate lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure by miR-17-mediated reduction of TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. EBioMedicine. 2018 Oct;36:140-150. [Content Brief]
[3]. Siendones E, et al. PGE1 abolishes the mitochondrial-independent cell death pathway induced by D-galactosamine in primary culture of rat hepatocytes. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Jan;20(1):108-16. [Content Brief]
[4]. Keppler D, et al. Experimental hepatitis induced by D-galactosamine. Exp Mol Pathol. 1968 Oct;9(2):279-90. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO / H2O | 1 mM | 4.6376 mL | 23.1879 mL | 46.3757 mL | 115.9393 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.9275 mL | 4.6376 mL | 9.2751 mL | 23.1879 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4638 mL | 2.3188 mL | 4.6376 mL | 11.5939 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.3092 mL | 1.5459 mL | 3.0917 mL | 7.7293 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.2319 mL | 1.1594 mL | 2.3188 mL | 5.7970 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.1855 mL | 0.9275 mL | 1.8550 mL | 4.6376 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.1546 mL | 0.7729 mL | 1.5459 mL | 3.8646 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.1159 mL | 0.5797 mL | 1.1594 mL | 2.8985 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0928 mL | 0.4638 mL | 0.9275 mL | 2.3188 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0773 mL | 0.3865 mL | 0.7729 mL | 1.9323 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0580 mL | 0.2898 mL | 0.5797 mL | 1.4492 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0464 mL | 0.2319 mL | 0.4638 mL | 1.1594 mL |
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
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