D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride (Synonyms: D-Galactosamine HCl)

Name: D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride
Brand: MedChemExpress
SKU: HY-42682
Rating: 5.0 (3 reviews)

Cat. No.: HY-42682 Purity: 99.94%: Data Sheet
COA

SDS
Handling Instructions
FAQs
Technical Support

D(+)-Galactosamine (D-Galactosamine) hydrochloride, which is an established experimental toxin, primarily causes liver injury by the generation of free radicals and depletion of UTP nucleotides. D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride intoxication also induces renal dysfunction thus, renal failure is often associated with the end-stage of the liver damage. Lipopolysaccharide/D(+)-Galactosamine-induced acute liver injury is a known animal model of fulminant hepatic failure.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

CAS No. : 1772-03-8

Size	Stock	Quantity

Free Sample (0.1 - 0.2 mg)	Apply Now
Solid + Solvent (Highly Recommended)
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO ready for reconstitution	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
Solution
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
Solid
100 mg	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
200 mg	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
500 mg	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
1 g	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
5 g	Get quote
10 g	Get quote

or Bulk Inquiry

* Please select Quantity before adding items.

This product is a controlled substance and not for sale in your territory.

Customer Review

Based on 3 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride:

D(+)-Galactosamine-¹³C hydrochloride In-stock
D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride (Standard) In-stock

3 Publications Citing Use of MCE D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride

In Vivo Efficacy Study

Histological Imaging/Staining

: D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Sci Rep. 2025 Sep 30;15(1):33878. [Abstract]; M464 mitigates LPS/D-GalN-induced acute liver injury in mice. Following intragastric administration of M464 (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg) for 1 h, Mice were intraperitoneally injected with LPS at a dose of 50 μg/kg and D-GalN at 800 mg/kg and then sacrificed after 6 h of stimulation. The groups included Con (control), Mod (LPS injection), DXM (Dexamethasone treatment at 10 mg/kg), and M464 at different doses (15, 30, 60 mg/kg). Gross examination of mice liver.

: D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Sci Rep. 2025 Sep 30;15(1):33878. [Abstract]; M464 mitigates LPS/D-GalN-induced acute liver injury in mice. Following intragastric administration of M464 (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg) for 1 h, Mice were intraperitoneally injected with LPS at a dose of 50 μg/kg and D-GalN at 800 mg/kg and then sacrificed after 6 h of stimulation. The groups included Con (control), Mod (LPS injection), DXM (Dexamethasone treatment at 10 mg/kg), and M464 at different doses (15, 30, 60 mg/kg). Liver-to-body weight ratio of mice.

: D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Sci Rep. 2025 Sep 30;15(1):33878. [Abstract]; M464 mitigates LPS/D-GalN-induced acute liver injury in mice. Following intragastric administration of M464 (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg) for 1 h, Mice were intraperitoneally injected with LPS at a dose of 50 μg/kg and D-GalN at 800 mg/kg and then sacrificed after 6 h of stimulation. The groups included Con (control), Mod (LPS injection), DXM (Dexamethasone treatment at 10 mg/kg), and M464 at different doses (15, 30, 60 mg/kg). HE staining to analyze histopathological changes in the liver of mice. Red arrows: Areas of hepatocyte hemorrhage; Black arrows: Areas of hepatocyte necrosis. Scale bars = 200 μm.

Featured Recommendations

•Related Screening Libraries:

•Related Small Molecules:

•Related Proteins:

Biological Activity
Purity & Documentation
References
Customer Review

Description

In Vitro

D(+)-Galactosamine (5 mM, 0-24 h) hydrochloride induces apoptosis and necrosis in primary culture of rat hepatocytes, and induces caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

In Vivo

Note:
Please do not refer to only one article to determine the experimental conditions. It is recommended to determine the optimal experimental conditions (animal strain, age, dosage, frequency and cycle, detection time and indicators, etc.) through preliminary experiments before the formal experiment.

D-Galactosamine can be used to induce hepatitis models.

Induction of Hepatitis

Background

D-Galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity is similar to viral hepatitis. D-Galactosamine induces the lipids peroxidation and thus leads to deterioration of cell membrane^[4].

Specific Modeling Methods

Rat: Wistar • 110-180 g • female
Administration: 250 mg/kg • i.p. • 6 injection in 24 hours or 1.5 g/kg • i.p.

Note

For 250 mg/kg, 6 injections: first 3 of injections with 4 hours intervals, after 14 hours pause, the last 3 of injections with 1 hour intervals.

Modeling Indicators

Molecular changes: Increased bilirubin, hemoglobin, and enzyme activities of GOT, GPT and GIDH in serum. Depleted glycogen from hepatocytes. Decreased levels of adenine nucleotides and UDP-glucose in liver metabolite. Decreased serum proteins and prothrombin activity.
Morphology: Decreased weight and consistency of liver. Hemorrhages in several organs, particularly in gut and stomach.
Histological Analysis: Induced necrosis and inflammatory infiltration in periportal areas, induced appearance of councilman bodies, enlarged and increased kupffer cells.

Correlated Product(s): Lipopolysaccharide (HY-D1056)

Opposite Product(s): Bergenin (HY-N0017); Glycyrrhizin (HY-N0184); Bicyclol (HY-B0766); Chrysin (HY-14589)

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model:	C57BL/6J mice^[2]
Dosage:	400 mg/kg, together with Lipopolysaccharide (HY-D1056) (LPS, 10 μg/kg)
Administration:	i.p.
Result:	Induces a model of acute liver failure, with necrosis in the liver. Increased serum ALT and AST levels and serum inflammatory cytokine concentrations, such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18.

Molecular Weight

215.63

Formula

C₆H₁₄ClNO₅

CAS No.

1772-03-8

Appearance

Solid

Color

White to off-white

SMILES

OC1[C@H](N)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1.[H]Cl

Structure Classification

Initial Source

Microorganisms

Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture

*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

H₂O : 100 mg/mL (463.76 mM; Need ultrasonic)

DMSO : 25 mg/mL (115.94 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

Preparing
Stock Solutions

Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg

1 mM	4.6376 mL	23.1879 mL	46.3757 mL
5 mM	0.9275 mL	4.6376 mL	9.2751 mL
10 mM	0.4638 mL	2.3188 mL	4.6376 mL

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Molarity Calculator
Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

Concentration _(start)

Volume _(start)

Concentration _(final)

Volume _(final)

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.59 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.59 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.59 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: PBS
Solubility: 100 mg/mL (463.76 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Calculation results:

Working solution concentration: mg/mL

This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.

The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).

Purity & Documentation

Purity: 99.94%

Select Batch:

Data Sheet (278 KB) SDS (394 KB)

COA (244 KB) HNMR (267 KB) RP-HPLC (241 KB) LCMS (320 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Li Y, et al. Inhibition of PI3K/AKt/mTOR signaling pathway protects against d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver failure by chaperone-mediated autophagy in rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017 Aug;92:544-553. [Content Brief]

[2]. Liu Y, et al. AMSC-derived exosomes alleviate lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure by miR-17-mediated reduction of TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. EBioMedicine. 2018 Oct;36:140-150. [Content Brief]

[3]. Siendones E, et al. PGE1 abolishes the mitochondrial-independent cell death pathway induced by D-galactosamine in primary culture of rat hepatocytes. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Jan;20(1):108-16. [Content Brief]

[4]. Keppler D, et al. Experimental hepatitis induced by D-galactosamine. Exp Mol Pathol. 1968 Oct;9(2):279-90. [Content Brief]

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg

DMSO / H₂O	1 mM	4.6376 mL	23.1879 mL	46.3757 mL	115.9393 mL
	5 mM	0.9275 mL	4.6376 mL	9.2751 mL	23.1879 mL
	10 mM	0.4638 mL	2.3188 mL	4.6376 mL	11.5939 mL
	15 mM	0.3092 mL	1.5459 mL	3.0917 mL	7.7293 mL
	20 mM	0.2319 mL	1.1594 mL	2.3188 mL	5.7970 mL
	25 mM	0.1855 mL	0.9275 mL	1.8550 mL	4.6376 mL
	30 mM	0.1546 mL	0.7729 mL	1.5459 mL	3.8646 mL
	40 mM	0.1159 mL	0.5797 mL	1.1594 mL	2.8985 mL
	50 mM	0.0928 mL	0.4638 mL	0.9275 mL	2.3188 mL
	60 mM	0.0773 mL	0.3865 mL	0.7729 mL	1.9323 mL
	80 mM	0.0580 mL	0.2898 mL	0.5797 mL	1.4492 mL
	100 mM	0.0464 mL	0.2319 mL	0.4638 mL	1.1594 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride Related Classifications

Inflammation/Immunology

Help & FAQs

Do most proteins show cross-species activity?
Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

D(+)-Galactosamine1772-03-8D-Galactosamine HClDrug DerivativeDrug derivativetoxinrenaldysfunctionfailurefulminanthepaticliverInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

Your Recently Viewed Products:

Product Name

Requested Quantity *

Applicant Name *

Salutation

Email Address *

Phone Number *

Department

Organization Name *

City

State

Country or Region *

Remarks

Product Name

Lot #

Applicant Name *

Email Address *

Phone Number

Department *

Organization Name *

Country or Region *

Remarks

Name
Email *

	Sorry, but the email address you supplied was invalid.

D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride (Synonyms: D-Galactosamine HCl)

Customer Review

Other Forms of D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride:

D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride Related Antibodies

3 Publications Citing Use of MCE D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride

Featured Recommendations

•Related Screening Libraries:

•Related Small Molecules:

•Related Proteins:

Biological Activity

Purity & Documentation

References

Customer Review

D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride Related Antibodies

Molarity Calculator

Dilution Calculator

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride Related Classifications

Keywords:

Your Recently Viewed Products:

Customer Review

Request for HNMR Report

SAFETY DATA SHEET (SDS)

Request for HNMR Report