2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-121282A
    Mepazine hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.25%
    Mepazine hydrochloride (Pecazine hydrochloride) is a potent and selective MALT1 protease inhibitor with IC50s of 0.83 and 0.42 μM for GSTMALT1 full length and GSTMALT1 325-760, respectively. Mepazine hydrochloride affects viability of ABC-DLBCL cells by enhancing apoptosis.
    Mepazine hydrochloride
  • HY-169259
    HDAC9-IN-1
    		Inducer
    HDAC9-IN-1 is a selective class IIa HDAC inhibitor that binds to HDAC9 with an IC50 of 40 nM. HDAC9-IN-1 potently inhibits HDACs 4 and 7 while showing weak activity against HDAC6 (IC50 values: 180 nM (HDAC4), 190 nM (HDAC7), 970 nM (HDAC6)). HDAC9-IN-1 significantly inhibits several human cancer cells, induces apoptosis and DNA damage in human cancer cells, and modulates caspase-related proteins and p38 in human cancer cells. HDAC9-IN-1 can be used for the research of oral cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer.
    HDAC9-IN-1
  • HY-141012
    Thalidomide-O-PEG4-NHS ester
    		Inducer 98.76%
    Thalidomide-O-PEG4-NHS ester is a PEG-based PROTAC linker that can be used in the synthesis of PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-O-PEG4-NHS ester
  • HY-105416
    Calphostin C
    		99.9%
    Calphostin C is a highly selective PKC inhibitor (IC50=0.05 μM) and tumor apoptosis inducer. Calphostin C competitively binds to PKC and inhibits PKC-mediated phosphorylation signal transduction. Calphostin C restores Na+/K+ ATPase activity in the sciatic nerve of diabetic mice and improves neuropathy. Calphostin C can be used in the study of anti-tumor and diabetic complications.
    Calphostin C
  • HY-N2454
    β-Elemonic acid
    		Inducer 99.77%
    β-Elemonic acid is a triterpene isolated from Boswellia carterii. β-Elemonic acid induces cell apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and COX-2 expression and inhibits prolyl endopeptidase. β-Elemonic acid exhibits anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects.
    β-Elemonic acid
  • HY-13948B
    Angiotensin II human TFA
    		Inducer 98.29%
    Angiotensin II human (Angiotensin II) TFA is a vasoconstrictor and a major bioactive peptide of the renin/angiotensin system. Angiotensin II human TFA plays a central role in regulating human blood pressure, which is mainly mediated by interactions between Angiotensin II and the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R). Angiotensin II human TFA stimulates sympathetic nervous stimulation, increases aldosterone biosynthesis and renal actions. Angiotensin II human TFA induces growth of vascular smooth muscle cells, increases collagen type I and III synthesis in fibroblasts, leading to thickening of the vascular wall and myocardium, and fibrosis. Angiotensin II human TFA also induces apoptosis. Angiotensin II human TFA induces capillary formation from endothelial cells via the LOX-1 dependent redox-sensitive pathway.
    Angiotensin II human TFA
  • HY-N0120AR
    Polydatin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Polydatin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Polydatin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Polydatin (Piceid), extracted from the roots of Reynoutria japonica, a widely used traditional Chinese remedies, possesses anti-inflammatory activity in several experimental models. Polydatin (Piceid) inhibits G6PD and induces oxidative and ER stresses.
    Polydatin (Standard)
  • HY-B0166S6
    L-Ascorbic acid-d2
    		99.90%
    L-Ascorbic acid-d2 is the deuterium labeled L-Ascorbic acid. L-Ascorbic acid (L-Ascorbate), an electron donor, is an endogenous antioxidant agent. L-Ascorbic acid inhibits selectively Cav3.2 channels with an IC50 of 6.5 μM. L-Ascorbic acid is also a colla
    L-Ascorbic acid-d<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-N7719
    Oosporein
    		Inducer 99.16%
    Oosporein is a microbial metabolite and a red crystalline toxin produced by various fungi. Oosporein can promote the reproduction of fungi in host bodies by inhibiting insect immunity, and possesses multiple activities such as antibacterial, antiviral (HSV), and insecticidal effects. Oosporein can inhibit plant growth. In addition, Oosporein can also induce apoptosis, cell membrane damage, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial damage. Oosporein has certain antitumor activity.
    Oosporein
  • HY-161302
    Polθ/PARP-IN-1
    		Inducer 99.08%
    Polθ/PARP-IN-1 (compound 25d) is a potent dual DNA polymerase theta (Polθ) and PARP inhibitor with IC50 values of 45.6, 5.4 nM, respectively. Polθ/PARP-IN-1 shows antiproliferative activity. Polθ/PARP-IN-1 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, causes DNA damage. Polθ/PARP-IN-1 shows anti-tumor activity.
    Polθ/PARP-IN-1
  • HY-13649
    Indibulin
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Indibulin (ZIO 301), an orally applicable inhibitor of tubulin assembly, shows potent anticancer activity with a minimal neurotoxicity. Indibulin reduces inter-kinetochoric tension, produces aberrant spindles, activates mitotic checkpoint proteins Mad2 and BubR1, and induces mitotic arrest and apoptosis.
    Indibulin
  • HY-B0228S
    Adenosine-d
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Adenosine-d is the deuterium labeled Adenosine. Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation.
    Adenosine-d
  • HY-N0805A
    Alisol B
    		Inducer 99.57%
    Alisol B is a triterpene with diverse biological activities. Alisol B binds human soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) with a Ki of 5.97 μM and reduces sEH activity. Alisol B inhibits RANKL-induced JNK phosphorylation, NFATc1 and c-Fos expression, osteoclast formation, mature osteoclast pit-forming and actin ring activity, and SERCA pump activity. Alisol B induces calcium mobilization, CaMKK-AMPK-mTOR pathway activation, autophagic flux, autophagosome formation, G1 phase cell cycle arrest, endoplasmic reticulum stress, unfolded protein responses, and cancer cell apoptosis. Alisol B can be used for the research of hypercalcemia, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, periodontitis, acute kidney injury, and breast cancer.
    Alisol B
  • HY-115840
    ICL-CCIC-0019
    		Inducer
    ICL-CCIC-0019 is an inhibitor of choline kinase α (CHKα). ICL-CCIC-0019 induces G1 block, endoplasmic reticulum stress apoptosis in cancer cell lines.
    ICL-CCIC-0019
  • HY-111299
    Psammaplysene A
    		Inducer 99.72%
    Psammaplysene A, a brominated tyrosine derivative, can promote the nuclear localization of FOXO1, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and can be used in cancer research.
    Psammaplysene A
  • HY-17503R
    Metoprolol (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Metoprolol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Metoprolol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Metoprolol is an orally active, selective β1-adrenoceptor antagonist. Metoprolol shows anti-inflammation, antitumor and anti-angiogenic properties.
    Metoprolol (Standard)
  • HY-W127433
    Isostearic acid
    		Inducer 99.08%
    Isostearic acid is a unique fatty acid. Isostearic acid promotes IL-1 release and Apoptosis. Isostearic acid has potent inflammatory properties. Isostearic acid can be used in pharmaceutical, personal care, and cosmetic applications.
    Isostearic acid
  • HY-N6005
    Methyl caffeate
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Methyl caffeate is a phenylpropanoid, antibacterial agent, and Apoptosis-inducing agent. Methyl caffeate can be isolated from the flowers of peach Prunus persica (L.). Methyl caffeate upregulates the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bid, Bax and p53, and downregulates the expression of anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2. Methyl caffeate downregulates SASP factors. Methyl caffeate enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Methyl caffeate inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Methyl caffeate can be used in studies related to breast cancer, type 2 diabetes, and tuberculosis.
    Methyl caffeate
  • HY-N0565AR
    Doxycycline (hydrochloride) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Doxycycline hydrochloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Doxycycline hydrochloride (HY-N0565A). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Doxycycline hydrochloride is an orally active highly lipophilic, tissue-permeable MMP inhibitor with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Doxycycline hydrochloride is also a semi-synthetic antibiotic with chelating properties, which blocks bacterial protein synthesis and inhibits extracellular matrix degradation through interactions with zinc and calcium atoms. Doxycycline hydrochloride also inhibits mitochondrial biogenesis, translation, and the expression of respiratory chain proteins. Doxycycline hydrochloride induces apoptosis, inhibits autophagy and EMT, downregulates stem cell markers, and activates the PI3K-AKT pathway, thereby effectively inhibiting the viability and proliferation of cancer cells such as breast cancer cells. Doxycycline hydrochloride also promotes the survival and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells and neural stem cells, and reduces the frequency of medium changes in culture. Doxycycline hydrochloride has been applied in studies related to breast cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, and other cancers.
    Doxycycline (hydrochloride) (Standard)
  • HY-108551
    MG-262
    		Inducer
    MG-262 (Z-Leu-Leu-LeuB(OH)2; ZL3B) is a reversible proteasome inhibitor. MG-262 down-regulates VEGF receptor Flt-1. MG-262 inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in malignant cells. MG-262 induces reactive oxygen species (ROS). MG-262 can be used for anti-cancer study.
    MG-262
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity