2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-15028R
    Otenaproxesul (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Otenaproxesul (Standard) is the analytical standard of Otenaproxesul. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Otenaproxesul (ATB-346), an orally active non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 (COX-1 and 2). Otenaproxesul possesses antiinflammatory and antinociceptive activities.
    Otenaproxesul (Standard)
  • HY-14815
    Fosbretabulin
    		Inducer
    Fosbretabulin (Combretastatin A4 phosphate) is a vascular disruptor with antitumor activity against atypical thyroid carcinoma (ATC) cell lines and xenografts. Fosbretabulin inhibits tumor growth by inhibiting microtubule polymerization, inducing apoptosis, and suppressing angiogenesis in tumors.
    Fosbretabulin
  • HY-W714214
    Ethalfluralin
    		Inducer
    Ethalfluralin is a dinitroaniline herbicide and microtubule inhibitor. Ethalfluralin blocks nuclear division and cytokinesis of parasites by inhibiting intranuclear spindle formation. Ethalfluralin activates the phosphorylation levels of NF-κB and P38 MAPK, inhibits the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, impairs mitochondrial function, and induces apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and ROS production. Ethalfluralin is applicable to research related to toxoplasmosis.
    Ethalfluralin
  • HY-B1014S
    Acenocoumarol-d5
    		Inducer
    Acenocoumarol-d5 is the deuterium labeled Acenocoumarol (HY-B1014). Acenocoumarol is an anticoagulant that functions as a Vitamin K antagonist. Acenocoumarol inhibits MAPK/ERK/JNK signaling pathway, reduces the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, activates Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway. Acenocoumarol induces apoptosis in cell A549, arrests cell cycle at S phase.
    Acenocoumarol-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-164384
    DFX117
    		Inducer
    DFX117 is a selective, orally active inhibitor for PI3Kα and c-Met tyrosine kinase. DFX117 inhibits PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, inhibits the proliferation of NCI-H1975, NCI-H1993, and HCC827 with IC50s 0.02-0.08 µM. DFX117 arrests cell cycle at G0/G1 phase, induces apoptosis in A549 and NCI-H1975. DFX117 exhibits antitumor efficacy in mice.
    DFX117
  • HY-W012788R
    Maltol (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Maltol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Maltol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Maltol, a type of aromatic compound, is an antioxidant agent. Maltol enhances neural function by mitigating oxidative stress and cell apoptosis. Maltol is an inhibitor of oxidative damage in nerve cells and is effective in preventing diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Maltol is used extensively as a safe flavoring agent and food preservative. Maltol is a metal ion chelator that can be used in the field of catalysis, cosmetics, and medicine.
    Maltol (Standard)
  • HY-19754
    CRA-026440
    		Inducer
    CRA-026440 is a potent, broad-spectrum HDAC inhibitor. The Ki values against recombinant HDAC isoenzymes HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC6, HDAC8, and HDAC10 are 4, 14, 11, 15, 7, and 20 nM respectively. CRA-026440 shows antitumor and antiangiogenic activities. CRA-026440 is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
    CRA-026440
  • HY-16445A
    CNDAC
    		Inducer
    CNDAC is a metabolite of the orally active agent Sapacitabine (HY-16445), and a nucleoside analog. CNDAC induces DNA damage and apoptosis.
    CNDAC
  • HY-B0581R
    Dexrazoxane (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Dexrazoxane (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dexrazoxane. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dexrazoxane, as an intracellular iron chelating agent, reduces the formation of superoxide radicals and has cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor and neuroprotective activities. Dexrazoxane inhibits ferroptosis of H9c2 cells by inhibiting HMGB1. Dexrazoxane induces DNA damage and apoptosis in human fibrosarcoma cells .
    Dexrazoxane (Standard)
  • HY-B0567R
    Dequalinium Chloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Dequalinium (Chloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dequalinium (Chloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dequalinium chloride is an Apamin (HY-P0256)-sensitive potassium channel selective blocker. Dequalinium chloride is a cationic, lipophilic mitochondrial poison. Dequalinium chloride is also an antagonist pf α7 nAChR, and an anti-microbial antiseptic agent with a broad bactericidal and fungicidal activity.
    Dequalinium Chloride (Standard)
  • HY-B0656R
    Rabeprazole (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Rabeprazole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rabeprazole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rabeprazole (LY307640) is a second-generation proton pump inhibitor (PPI) that irreversibly inactivates gastric H+/K+-ATPase. Rabeprazole induces apoptosis. Rabeprazole acts as an uridine nucleoside ribohydrolase (UNH) inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.3 μM. Rabeprazole can be used for the research of gastric ulcerations and gastroesophageal reflux.
    Rabeprazole (Standard)
  • HY-128067R
    5-(N,N-Hexamethylene)-amiloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    5-(N,N-Hexamethylene)-amiloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of 5-(N,N-Hexamethylene)-amiloride. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 5-(N,N-Hexamethylene)-amiloride (Hexamethylene amiloride) derives from an amiloride and is a potent Na+/H+ exchanger inhibitor, which decreases the intracellular pH (pHi) and induces apoptosis in leukemic cells. 5-(N,N-Hexamethylene)-amiloride (Hexamethylene amiloride) is also an inhibitor of the HIV-1 Vpu virus ion channel and inhibits mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) replication and human coronavirus 229E (HCoV229E) replication in cultured L929 cells with EC50s of 3.91 μM and 1.34 μM, respectively.
    5-(N,N-Hexamethylene)-amiloride (Standard)
  • HY-17587R
    4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (Standard)
    		Inducer
    4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (Standard) is the analytical standard of 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) is an endocrine disrupter that produces estrogen-like effects. 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor decreases the proliferation of human trophoblast cells and induces apoptosis. 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor activates PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways and elevates intracellular ROS production. 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor is a ultraviolet (UV) filter and may hamper normal placental formation during early pregnancy.
    4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (Standard)
  • HY-A0004S
    Decitabine-13C5
    		Inducer
    Decitabine-13C5 (5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine-13C5) is 13C labeled Decitabine. Decitabine (NSC 127716) is an orally active deoxycytidine analogue antimetabolite and a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor. Decitabine incorporates into DNA in place of cytosine can covalently trap DNA methyltransferase to DNA causing irreversible inhibition of the enzyme. Decitabine induces cell G2/M arrest and cell apoptosis. Decitabine has potent anticancer activity.
    Decitabine-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-W012088
    (Z)-Methyl tetradec-9-enoate
    		Inducer 98.24%
    (Z)-Methyl tetradec-9-enoate (Myristoleic acid methyl ester; Methyl myristoleate) is a cytotoxic component extracted from S. repens fruit extract. It induces apoptosis and necrosis in human prostate cancer LNCaP cells. In addition, (Z)-Methyl tetradec-9-enoate found in cheese-making byproducts inhibits Candida albicans germination with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 9 μM in vivo.
    (Z)-Methyl tetradec-9-enoate
  • HY-W714212
    Fluchloralin
    		Inducer
    Fluchloralin is a dinitroaniline herbicide that effectively controls annual gramineous and broadleaf weeds primarily by inhibiting tubulin synthesis and cell division. Fluchloralin exhibits cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, and promotes cell apoptosis by activating apoptotic signaling proteins, forming DNA ladder bands, inducing cell shrinkage and nuclear fragmentation.
    Fluchloralin
  • HY-N16435
    Plumericin
    		Inhibitor
    Plumericin is an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial agent. Plumericin reduces Apoptosis, promotes Nrf-2 and inhibits NF-κB and AhR activation, blocks STAT3 signaling. Plumericin inhibits Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. Plumericin can be used for the research of chronic kidney disease, vascular diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, peritonitis, and tuberculosis.
    Plumericin
  • HY-W653896
    Alternariol-d2
    		Activator
    Alternariol-d2 is deuterium labeled Alternariol. Alternariol is an orally ingested mycotoxin produced by Alternaria, capable of inhibiting the activity of topoisomerase I and II (topoisomerase I, topoisomerase II). Alternariol has weak estrogenic (Estrogen Receptor/ERR) and androgen/antiandrogen (Androgen Receptor) effects. Alternariol can induce apoptosis, trigger cell cycle arrest, suppress innate immune responses, and exhibit anti-tumor activity. Alternariol has genotoxic, mutagenic, and endocrine-disrupting effects.
    Alternariol-d<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-W012352R
    2-Hydroxyanthraquinone (Standard)
    		Inducer
    2-Hydroxyanthraquinone (Standard) is the analytical standard of 2-Hydroxyanthraquinone (HY-W012352). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 2-Hydroxyanthraquinone is a product generated by the photochemical oxidation of Anthracene (ANT) (HY-Y0299). 2-Hydroxyanthraquinone induces ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes by depleting GSH and inhibiting GPX4, leading to cardiac developmental malformations. 2-Hydroxyanthraquinone causes damage to the cerebrovascular system and blood-brain barrier in zebrafish by downregulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, as well as inducing inflammation and neuronal apoptosis. 2-Hydroxyanthraquinone can be used in studies related to cerebrovascular diseases and cardiotoxicity.
    2-Hydroxyanthraquinone (Standard)
  • HY-N14161
    Diazaquinomycin A
    		Inducer
    Diazaquinomycin A (DAQA), a diaza-anthracene antibiotic, is a thymidylate synthase inhibitor. Diazaquinomycin A (DAQA) induces DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis through cleaved-PARP.
    Diazaquinomycin A
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity