2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

Related Products

PDF 8.06 MB

Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-50898S3
    Lapatinib-d4-1
    		Inducer
    Lapatinib-d4-1 is deuterium labeled Lapatinib. Lapatinib (GW572016) is a potent, orally active inhibitor of the ErbB-2 and EGFR tyrosine kinase domains with IC50 values against purified EGFR and ErbB-2 of 10.2 and 9.8 nM, respectively.
    Lapatinib-d<sub>4</sub>-1
  • HY-172204
    SIRT-IN-7
    		Inducer
    SIRT-IN-7 (Compound 7ba) is a SIRT inhibitor. SIRT-IN-7 can inhibit the expression of SIRT1, SIRT2, and SIRT3, and increase the acetylation and activation of p53. SIRT-IN-7 can inhibit the proliferation, and induce apoptosis and autophagy of breast cancer cells. SIRT-IN-7 has anti-tumor activity.
    SIRT-IN-7
  • HY-156164
    Thalidomide-5-NH-PEG2-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-5-NH-PEG2-NH2 hydrochloride is a Thalidomide (HY-14658)-based cereblon ligand that recruits CRBN proteins. Thalidomide-5-NH-PEG2-NH2 hydrochloride can be connected to the target protein ligand through a linker to form a PROTAC molecule. For example, THAL-SNS-032 (HY-123937).
    Thalidomide-5-NH-PEG2-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-145816
    JPS016
    		Inducer
    JPS016 is a class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) PROTAC inhibitor. JPS016 recruits the VHL E3 ligase (Ligands for E3 Ligase) to mediate the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3. JPS016 reduces the viability of colon cancer cells and induces Apoptosis. JPS016 activates the PINK1/Parkin mitochondrial Autophagy pathway, enhances cardiomyocyte viability, alleviates mitochondrial damage, and reduces mitochondrial ROS production in cells. JPS016 is applicable to research related to colon cancer and sepsis cardiomyopathy.
    JPS016
  • HY-151503
    MPM-1
    		Modulator
    MPM-1, a marine Eusynstyelamides mimic, is a potent anticancer agent. MPM-1 can rapidly kill cancer cells in vitro by inducing a necrosis-like death. MPM-1 has the ability to induce immunogenic cell death. MPM-1 causes perturbation of autophagy and lysosomal swelling in cancer cells.
    MPM-1
  • HY-181650
    T133
    		Inducer
    T133 is an orally active ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.34 nM and a Ki of 0.17 nM. T133 suppresses phosphorylation of AKT, S6K1, and 4EBP1. T133 inhibits cancer cell proliferation and migration, induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy. T133 exhibits dose-dependent antitumor efficacy in xenograft mouse models. T133 can be used for the research of cancer, such as gastric cancer and lung cancer.
    T133
  • HY-157758
    (S)-Thalidomide-piperazine-pyrimidine-piperazine-C2-O-CH2-COO-C(CH3)3
    		Inducer
    (S)-Thalidomide-piperazine-pyrimidine-piperazine-C2-O-CH2-COO-C(CH3)3 is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker . (S)-Thalidomide-piperazine-pyrimidine-piperazine-C2-O-CH2-COO-C(CH3)3 can serve as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    (S)-Thalidomide-piperazine-pyrimidine-piperazine-C2-O-CH2-COO-C(CH3)3
  • HY-17507S
    Pantoprazole-d6
    		Inhibitor
    Pantoprazole-d6 is deuterium labeled Pantoprazole. Pantoprazole (BY10232) is an orally active and potent proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Pantoprazole, a substituted benzimidazole, is a potent H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor with an IC50 of 6.8 μM. Pantoprazole improves pH stability and has anti-secretory, anti-ulcer activities. Pantoprazole significantly increased tumor growth delay combined with Doxorubicin (HY-15142).
    Pantoprazole-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-101714R
    Oxyphenisatin acetate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Oxyphenisatin acetate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Oxyphenisatin acetate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Oxyphenisatin acetate, the pro-agent of oxyphenisatin, is used to be a laxative.
    Oxyphenisatin acetate (Standard)
  • HY-162910
    HDAC-IN-79
    		Inducer
    HDAC-IN-79 (compound 4) is an orally active dual xanthine oxidase-HDAC inhibitor (Xanthine oxidase: IC50=6.6 nM; HDAC1: IC50=134 nM; HDAC2: IC50=284 nM; HDAC3: IC50=173 nM; HDAC6: IC50=1.32 nM;), with significant in vivo anti-hyperuricemia and anti-tumor activities. HDAC-IN-79 is the most potent cell growth inhibitor (IC50=0.706 μM) of leukemia HL60 cells, induces apoptosis and autophagy, and can regulate the expression levels of signature biomarkers associated with intracellular HDAC inhibition.
    HDAC-IN-79
  • HY-136162A
    Thalidomide-4-O-C2-NH2
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-4-O-C2-NH2 is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-4-O-C2-NH2
  • HY-13749C
    (S)-Sitagliptin phosphate
    		Inhibitor
    (S)-Sitagliptin phosphate is the less active S-enantiomer of Sitagliptin phosphate. Sitagliptin phosphate (MK-0431 phosphate) is a potent inhibitor of DPP4 with an IC50 of 19 nM in Caco-2 cell extracts.
    (S)-Sitagliptin phosphate
  • HY-13559A
    Atiprimod dimaleate
    		Inducer
    Atiprimod (Azaspirane) (dimaleate) is a STAT3 inhibitor with antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic activities. Atiprimod blocks the signaling pathways of IL-6 and VEGF by inhibiting the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of STAT3. Atiprimod blocks the JAK-STAT signaling pathway by inhibiting the phosphorylation of JAK2 and JAK3. Atiprimod also inhibits cell proliferation, induces cell cycle arrest, and induces autophagy and apoptosis. Atiprimod triggers persistent ER stress-mediated apoptosis in breast cancer cells by activating the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP axis and inhibiting the nuclear translocation of STAT3/NF-κB. Atiprimod shows great anti-tumor activities in tumor xenograft mouse models. Atiprimod can be used for the study of pituitary adenoma, breast cancer, multiple myeloma and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
    Atiprimod dimaleate
  • HY-123597
    NSC 109555
    		Inducer
    NSC 109555 is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2; IC50=200 nM in a cell-free kinase assay). It is selective for Chk2 over Chk1 and 16 kinases in a panel but does inhibit Brk, c-Met, IGFR, and LCK with IC50 values of 210, 6,000, 7,400, and 7,100 nM, respectively. NSC 109555 inhibits Chk2 autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of the Chk2 substrate histone H1 in vitro (IC50=240 nM). It inhibits the growth of, and induces autophagy in, L1210 leukemia cells in vitro.2 NSC 109555 (1,250 nM) potentiates gemcitabine-induced cytotoxicity in MIA PaCa-2, CFPAC-1, PANC-1, and BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells, as well as reduces gemcitabine-induced increases in Chk2 phosphorylation and enhances gemcitabine-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MIA PaCa-2 cells.
    NSC 109555
  • HY-16397AS
    Phenformin-d5 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Phenformin-d5 (Phenethylbiguanide-d5) hydrochloride is the deuterium labeled Phenformin hydrochloride. Phenformin hydrochloride is an orally active biguanide hypoglycemic agent. Phenformin hydrochloride inhibits mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, leading to an increased AMP/ATP ratio, activation of AMPK, and subsequent inhibition of the mTOR pathway, thereby suppressing cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis and autophagy. Phenformin hydrochloride inhibits cancer stem cells (CSCs) and possesses potent antitumor potential.
    Phenformin-d<sub>5</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-181448
    Phytic acid hexalithium
    		Activator
    Phytic acid (Inositol hexaphosphate hexalithium) hexalithium is an orally active compound. Phytic acid hexalithium can be derived from the seeds of legumes. Phytic acid is a [PO4]3- storage depot and precursor for other inositol phosphates and pyrophosphates. Phytic acid hexalithium attenuates Aβ oligomers and upregulates Autophagy protein. Phytic acid hexalithium can be used in cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, nervous system disease and cancer research.
    Phytic acid hexalithium
  • HY-183257
    ATI-1
    		Inhibitor
    ATI-1 is an autophagy initiation inhibitor. ATI-1 targets valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97, disrupts its interaction with UFL1, impairs UFMylation homeostasis associated with VCP, promotes polyubiquitination and degradation of Beclin1, and blocks the formation of early autophagosomes. ATI-1 induces synergistic death of autophagy-dependent malignant tumor cells under nutrient deprivation conditions, accompanied by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, reduced ROS levels and lysosomal stress. ATI-1 exhibits anti-tumor efficacy in a pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenograft mouse model. ATI-1 can be used for the research of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and lung cancer.
    ATI-1
  • HY-161586
    Chloramphenicol/BSA
    		Inducer
    Chloramphenicol/BSA is the antigen-adjuvant conjugate formed by the coupling of Chloramphenicol (HY-B0239) with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). By conjugating the antigen with a protein adjuvant, the production of antigen-specific antibodies in vaccine models can be enhanced. The conjugate does not affect protein folding or disrupt major epitopes, and it can enhance cross-presentation and the generation of antigen-specific T cells.
    Chloramphenicol/BSA
  • HY-161199
    Thalidomide-azetidine-pyrrolidine-C-piperidine-C2-OH
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-azetidine-pyrrolidine-C-piperidine-C2-OH is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. Thalidomide-azetidine-pyrrolidine-C-piperidine-C2-OH can serve as Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-azetidine-pyrrolidine-C-piperidine-C2-OH
  • HY-N0660R
    Jujuboside B (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Jujuboside B (Standard) is the analytical standard of Jujuboside B. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Jujuboside B is a bioactive saponin component isolated from Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (sour jujube seed), with oral efficacy and blood-brain barrier permeability. Jujuboside B induces acute leukemia cell death and drives necroptosis apoptosis by activating the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway. Jujuboside B upregulates the expression of NOXA, PARP and caspase-3, activates AMPK, inhibits the proliferation of breast cancer cells, and induces cell apoptosis and autophagy. Jujuboside B inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth by blocking the VEGFR-2 signaling pathway. Jujuboside B alleviates liver injury in mice by regulating the Nrf2-STING signaling pathway. Jujuboside B alleviates liver injury by regulating anti-inflammatory responses and downregulating the expression of 11β-HSD2. Jujuboside B induces ferroptosis and overcomes radioresistance in non-small cell lung cancer via the PPARγ-ATF3-Gpx4 signaling pathway. Jujuboside B exerts inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation. Jujuboside B inhibits febrile seizures by suppressing the activity of AMPA receptors. Jujuboside B reverses chronic unpredictable mild stress-promoted tumor progression by blocking the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways and dephosphorylating CREB signaling. Jujuboside B is applicable to related studies on acute leukemia, breast cancer, PM2.5-induced lung injury, hepatotoxicity, liver injury, colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, thromboembolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases associated with high platelet aggregation, febrile seizures, and depressive-like phenotypes.
    Jujuboside B (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
All Rights Reserved.
Download Autophagy Signaling Pathway Map.