2. Signaling Pathways
  3. NF-κB
  4. NF-κB

NF-κB

Nuclear factor-κB; Nuclear factor-kappaB

NF-κB

Related Products

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NF-κB (Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) is a protein complex that controls transcription of DNA. NF-κB is found in almost all animal cell types and is involved in cellular responses to stimuli such as stress, cytokines, free radicals, ultraviolet irradiation, oxidized LDL, and bacterial or viral antigens. NF-κB plays a key role in regulating the immune response to infection. Incorrect regulation of NF-κB has been linked to cancer, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases, septic shock, viral infection, and improper immune development. NF-κB has also been implicated in processes of synaptic plasticity and memory. There are five proteins in the mammalian NF-κB family: NF-κB1, NF-κB2, RelA, RelB, c-Rel.

NF-κB Isoform Specific Products:

NF-κB Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-156247
    IVMT-Rx-3
    		Inhibitor
    IVMT-Rx-3 is a inhibitor of SDCBP targeting of the PDZ1 and PDZ2 Domains of MDA-9/Syntenin. IVMT-Rx-3 blocks MDA-9/Syntenin interaction with Src, reduces NF-κB activation, and inhibits MMP-2/MMP-9 expression. IVMT-Rx-3 inhibits Melanoma Metastasis[1]
    IVMT-Rx-3
  • HY-N18197
    Norkurarinol
    		Inhibitor
    Norkurarinol is a prenylated flavonoid. Norkurarinol can be isolated from Sophora flavescens. Norkurarinol potently inhibits mushroom Tyrosinase DOPA oxidase activity with an IC50 of 2.1 μM. Norkurarinol inhibits poly(I:C)-induced NF-κB/AP-1 activation. Norkurarinol inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6). Norkurarinol inhibits phosphorylation of p38, JNK, and ERK1/2. Norkurarinol increases phosphorylation of IRF3. Norkurarinol has antiviral activity against Rotavirus KJ56-1
    Norkurarinol
  • HY-N0231R
    Bavachalcone (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Bavachalcone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Bavachalcone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Bavachalcone is a potent inducer of apoptosis. Bavachalcone exerts anticancer activity by promoting autophagy and apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Bavachalcone acts as an anti-neuroinflammatory and antidepressant through the NF-κB pathway. Bavachalcone inhibits osteoclasts by interfering with ERK and Akt signaling pathways and the expression of c-Fos and NFATc1. Bavachalcone exhibits a significant inhibitory effect on baculovirus-expressed BACE-1 in vitro.
    Bavachalcone (Standard)
  • HY-118101
    15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin A1
    		Inhibitor
    15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin A1 is a deoxyanalog of prostaglandins that inhibits NF-κB signaling and induces apoptosis. 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin A1 inhibits TNF-α-induced upregulation of inflammatory endothelial cell adhesion molecule (CAM) and avoids monocyte arrest.
    15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin A1
  • HY-N0408R
    Picroside II (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Picroside II (Standard) is the analytical standard of Picroside II. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Picroside II, an iridoid compound extracted from Picrorhiza, exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. picroside II alleviates the inflammatory response in sepsis and enhances immune function by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB pathways. Picroside II is an antioxidant, exhibits a significant neuroprotective effect through reducing ROS production and protects the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CI/R) injury. Picroside II has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune regulatory, anti-virus and other pharmacological activities.
    Picroside II (Standard)
  • HY-B0808R
    Oxaprozin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Oxaprozin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Oxaprozin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Oxaprozin is an orally active and potent COX inhibitor, with IC50 values of 2.2 μM for human platelet COX-1 and and 36 μM for IL-1-stimulated human synovial cell COX-2, respectively. Oxaprozin also inhibits the activation of NF-κB. Oxaprozin induces cell apoptosis. Oxaprozin shows anti-inflammatory activity. Oxaprozin-mediated inhibition of the Akt/IKK/NF-κB pathway contributes to its anti-inflammatory properties.
    Oxaprozin (Standard)
  • HY-B1272A
    Desipramine
    		Inhibitor
    Desipramine is a first-generation tricyclic antidepressant. Desipramine selectively binds to norepinephrine transporter and blocks neuronal norepinephrine reuptake. Desipramine activates MAPK signaling via ERK1/2, JNK, and p38, represses NF-κB and AP-1 activity, and induces apoptosis via ROS elevation, mitochondrial membrane potential reduction, and intracellular calcium increase. Desipramine also shows anyi-inflammatory activity, inhibiting TNF-α production. Desipramine can be used for the research of hepatocellular cancer, inflammation, and neurological diseases.
    Desipramine
  • HY-175026
    RIPK2-IN-8
    		Inhibitor
    RIPK2-IN-8 is an orally active and highly selective RIPK2 inhibitor (IC50 = 11 nM). RIPK2-IN-8 is highly selective for RIPK2 over RIPK1 (IC50 > 30,000 nM) and has a moderate inhibitory effect on RIPK3 (IC50 = 44.61 nM). RIPK2-IN-8 inhibits the NOD2-RIPK2 signaling pathway and the expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFα, thereby exerting anti-inflammatory effects. RIPK2-IN-8 has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects in an acute liver injury (ALI) model and can be used in ALI research.
    RIPK2-IN-8
  • HY-N16527
    7-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose
    		Inhibitor
    7-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose is an orally effective polyphenolic compound. 7-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose lowers the serum levels of glucose, leptin, insulin, C-peptide, resistin, TNF-α, IL-6, and increases the serum level of adiponectin. 7-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose significantly reduces the levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation products (TBARS) by down-regulating the protein expression of NADPH oxidase subunit Nox-4 and p22phox. 7-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose down-regulates NF-κB and related pro-inflammatory factors (COX-2, iNOS), inhibits the phosphorylation of JNK and the activity of its downstream AP-1. 7-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose reduces the expression of TGF-β1 and fibronectin, indicating its potential in anti-tissue fibrosis. 7-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose can be used for the study of type 2 diabetes and its hepatic and pancreatic complications.
    7-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose
  • HY-155759
    HMGB1-IN-2
    		Inhibitor
    HMGB1-IN-2 (compound 15) is an inhibitor of highly conserved nuclear protein (HMGB1), showing NO inhibitory effect with IC50 value of 20.2 μM in RAW264.7 cells. HMGB1-IN-2 (30 μM) decreases the level of IL-1 β, TNF-α, caspase-1 p20, inhibits the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, exhibits anti-apoptotic activity. HMGB1-IN-2 (15 mg/kg; ip) relives kidney injury in septic acute kidney injury mouse. HMGB1-IN-2 inhibits Huh7 cells and A549 cells with IC50s of 77.0 μM, and 82.0 μM, respectively.
    HMGB1-IN-2
  • HY-N8311
    Goshonoside F5
    		Inhibitor
    Goshonoside F5 can be isolated from the unripe fruits of Rubus chingii. Goshonoside F5 has anti-inflammatory activity, and inhibits NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway.
    Goshonoside F5
  • HY-N4093R
    Astringin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Astringin (trans-Astringin) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Astringin (HY-N4093). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Astringin (trans-Astringin) is an orally active natural flavonoid compound. Astringin can inhibit the production of oxidative stress, inflammatory factors, etc. Astringin has multiple activities such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis. Astringin is also an inhibitor of ferroptosis. Astringin can be used in the research of diseases such as acute lung injury.
    Astringin (Standard)
  • HY-N12507
    Eupenicisirenin C
    		Inhibitor
    Eupenicisirenin C (compound 1) is a sirenin derivative. Eupenicisirenin C has strong NF-κB inhibitory activities. Eupenicisirenin C suppresses effects on cGAS-STING pathway. Eupenicisirenin C inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in bone marrow macrophage cells.
    Eupenicisirenin C
  • HY-182939
    MNK1/2-IN-10
    		Inhibitor
    MNK1/2-IN-10 is an orally active, selective MNK1/MNK2 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 10.84 nM for MNK1 and an IC50 of 12.81 nM for MNK2. MNK1/2-IN-10 inhibits eIF4E phosphorylation, the NF-κB signaling pathway, macrophage polarization, oxidative stress and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. MNK1/2-IN-10 alleviates kidney and spleen damage in LPS (HY-D1056)-induced inflammatory mouse models. Anti-inflammatory agent 115 is applicable for research related to acute inflammation.
    MNK1/2-IN-10
  • HY-173416
    Anti-inflammatory agent 100
    		Inhibitor
    Anti-inflammatory agent 100 (Compound (+)-4S-23) is an anti-inflammatory agent. Anti-inflammatory agent 100 inhibits MAPK and NF-κB signaling, and also inhibits NF-κB pathway by suppressing the phosphorylation of IκB-α and blocking nuclear translocation of phosphorylated p65. Anti-inflammatory agent 100 inhibits NO production (IC50: 0.5 μM) and TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β secretion.
    Anti-inflammatory agent 100
  • HY-W042416R
    N,N-Dimethylacetamide (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    N,N-Dimethylacetamide (Standard) is the analytical standard of N,N-Dimethylacetamide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAc) is an organic solvent with blood-brain transmissibility and an FDA-approved drug excipient. N, N-dimethylacetamide exerts anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. N, N-dimethylacetamide can be used in studies of weight gain caused by a high-fat diet and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease.
    N,N-Dimethylacetamide (Standard)
  • HY-RS09255
    Nfkb1 Mouse Pre-designed siRNA Set A
    		Inhibitor

    Nfkb1 Mouse Pre-designed siRNA Set A contains three designed siRNAs for Nfkb1 gene (Mouse), as well as a negative control, a positive control, and a FAM-labeled negative control.
    Nfkb1 Mouse Pre-designed siRNA Set A
  • HY-N6636R
    Valencene (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Valencene (Standard) is the analytical standard of Valencene. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Valencene is a sesquiterpene that can be isolated from Cyperus rotundus. Valencene possesses antiallergic, antimelanogenesis, anti-infammatory, and antioxidant activitivies. Valencene inhibits the exaggerated expression of Th2 chemokines and proinflammatory chemokines through blockade of the NF-κB pathway. Valencene inhibits the production and expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Valencene can reduce atopic dermatitis symptoms and recover decreased expression of filaggrin in DNCB-sensitized mouse model.
    Valencene (Standard)
  • HY-178454
    Multitarget AD-IN-3
    		Inhibitor
    Multitarget AD-IN-3 is a brain-penetrant neuroprotective agent. Multitarget AD-IN-3 can selectively inhibit MAO-B with an IC50 of 4.42 μM and a SI of 18.12. Multitarget AD-IN-3 can eliminate ROS. Multitarget AD-IN-3 Multitarget AD-IN-3 can inhibit Aβ1-42 self-aggregation and can reverse Aβ1-42-induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization and inhibit apoptosis. Multitarget AD-IN-3 can be used for the research of neurological disease, such as Alzheimer’s disease.
    Multitarget AD-IN-3
  • HY-W046353R
    2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde (Standard) is the analytical standard of 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde (o-Methoxycinnamaldehyde) is a natural compound that can be isolated from Cinnamomum cassia. 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde inhibits topoisomerase-I/II and NF-κB signaling pathway, causes mitochondrial dysfunction, induces lysosomal vesiculation, thereby leading to DNA damage and cell apoptosis. 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde exhibits antitumor effects.
    2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download NF-κB Signaling Pathway Map.

NF-κB transcription factors are critical regulators of immunity, stress responses, apoptosis and differentiation. In mammals, there are five members of the transcription factor NF-κB family: RELA (p65), RELB and c-REL, and the precursor proteins NF-κB1 (p105) and NF-κB2 (p100), which are processed into p50 and p52, respectively. NF-κB transcription factors bind as dimers to κB sites in promoters and enhancers of a variety of genes and induce or repress transcription. NF-κB activation occurs via two major signaling pathways: the canonical and the non-canonical NF-κB signaling pathways[1]. 

 

The canonical NF-κB pathway is triggered by signals from a large variety of immune receptors, such as TNFR, TLR, and IL-1R, which activate TAK1. TAK1 then activates IκB kinase (IKK) complex, composed of catalytic (IKKα and IKKβ) and regulatory (NEMO) subunits, via phosphorylation of IKKβ. Upon stimulation, the IKK complex, largely through IKKβ, phosphorylates members of the inhibitor of κB (IκB) family, such as IκBα and the IκB-like molecule p105, which sequester NF-κB members in the cytoplasm. IκBα associates with dimers of p50 and members of the REL family (RELA or c-REL), whereas p105 associates with p50 or REL (RELA or c-REL). Upon phosphorylation by IKK, IκBα and p105 are degradated in the proteasome, resulting in the nuclear translocation of canonical NF-κB family members, which bind to specific DNA elements, in the form of various dimeric complexes, including RELA-p50, c-REL-p50, and p50-p50. Atypical, IKK-independent pathways of NF-κB induction also provide mechanisms to integrate parallel signaling pathways to increase NF-κB activity, such as hypoxia, UV and genotoxic stress.

 

The non-canonical NF-κB pathway is induced by certain TNF superfamily members, such as CD40L, BAFF and lymphotoxin-β (LT-β), which stimulates the recruitment of TRAF2, TRAF3, cIAP1/2 to the receptor complex. Activated cIAP mediates K48 ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of TRAF3, resulting in stabilization and accumulation of the NFκB-inducing kinase (NIK). NIK phosphorylates and activates IKKα, which in turn phosphorylates p100, triggering p100 processing, and leading to the generation of p52 and the nuclear translocation of p52 and RELB[2][3].

 

Reference:

[1]. Oeckinghaus A, et al. The NF-kappaB family of transcription factors and its regulation.Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2009 Oct;1(4):a000034. 
[2]. Taniguchi K, et al. NF-κB, inflammation, immunity and cancer: coming of age. Nat Rev Immunol. 2018 May;18(5):309-324.
[3]. Perkins ND,et al. Integrating cell-signalling pathways with NF-kappaB and IKK function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Jan;8(1):49-62.

NF-κB Isoform Comparison

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