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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.
ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.
Evariquinone is an anthraquinone compound isolated from the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum sp. JS-0367 of mulberry. Evariquinone possesses direct antioxidant activity. It inhibits excessive phosphorylation of the JNK, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways by suppressing ROS and Ca2+, thereby reducing neuronal apoptosis. Evariquinone can be used to study glutamate excitotoxicity-related neurological disorders (such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemia, etc.).
NLRP3-IN-32 (compound 7a), a 3, 4-dihydronaphthalene-1(2H)-one derivative, is a potential NLRP3 inflammatory vesicles inhibitor. NLRP3-IN-32 can block the assembly and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by down-regulating the expression of NLPR3 and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), and inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other inflammatory mediators. NLRP3-IN-32 inhibits the phosphorylation of IκBα and NF-κB/p65 and the nuclear translocation of p65, thereby inhibiting NF-κB signaling.
1D09C3 is a fully human anti-HLA-DR monoclonal antibody. 1D09C3 induces apoptosis and cell death involving a cascade of events, including ROS generation, JNK activation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and AIF release from mitochondria. 1D09C3 shows potent anti-tumor activity and increases overall survival and median survival in JVM-2 cells and GRANTA-519 cells xenograft mice models. 1D09C3 can be used for the researches of cancer, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
Ferroptosis inducer-12 is a potent and selective ferroptosis inducer. Ferroptosis inducer-12 exhibits potent antiproliferative activity against HT1080 and OS-RC-2, with IC50 values of 3 nM and 5 nM, respectively. Ferroptosis inducer-12 strongly inhibits GPX4 enzymatic activity, induces intracellular ROS and elevates intracellular Fe2+ levels in OS-RC-2 cells. Ferroptosis inducer-12 significantly inhibits tumor growth in BALB/c nude mice bearing OS-RC-2 xenografts. Ferroptosis inducer-12 can be used for the study of cancer.
MAPK-IN-5 is a potent MAPK inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.35 μM against HeLa cells. MAPK-IN-5 inhibits HeLa cell proliferation by inducing ROS-mediated DNA damage and mitochondrial apoptosis via the MAPK pathway. MAPK-IN-5 significantly inhibits colony formation, reduces the number of live cells, suppresses cell migration, and causes cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase in HeLa cells. MAPK-IN-5 can be used for the study of cervical cancer.
Trimethylamine oxide-15N is the deuterium labeled Trimethylamine N-oxide (HY-116084). Trimethylamine N-oxide is a gut microbe-dependent metabolite of dietary choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients. Trimethylamine N-oxide induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome. Trimethylamine N-oxide also accelerates fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation and induces cardiac fibrosis by activating the TGF-β/smad2 signaling pathway.
ROS inducer 1 (compound I29) is a fungicide, with EC50 against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac), Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) of 5.73, 6.62 and 9.05 μg/mL. ROS inducer 1 can effectively induce the production of ROS in Xanthomonas cells and inhibit rice bacterial blight. ROS inducer 1 has the potential to study bacterialinfection in crops.
IKKβ-IN-6 is an antitumor agent. IKKβ-IN-6 inhibits IKKβ (IC50: 18.24 μM), thereby suppressing the phosphorylation of p65 and IκBα, blocking the nuclear translocation of p65, and subsequently regulating genes controlled by NF-κB. IKKβ-IN-6 also targets topoisomerase I (Topo I), induces DNA damage, ROS accumulation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and S-phase arrest. IKKβ-IN-6 is applicable to related research on colorectal cancer.
N'-Isonicotinoylisonicotinohydrazide (Compound 7, 1,2-Diisonicotinoylhydrazine) is a competitive inhibitor (IC50=5-30 μM) of bacterial heme oxygenase (HO). N'-Isonicotinoylisonicotinohydrazide inhibits iron release and bacterial iron acquisition. N'-Isonicotinoylisonicotinohydrazide exhibits selective activity against HO enzymes from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Neisseria meningitidis. N'-Isonicotinoylisonicotinohydrazide is promising for research of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections.
Amphimedine is a polycyclic alkaloid isolated from the marine sponge Amphimedon sp. and belongs to the pyridoindole alkaloid class. Amphimedine has cytotoxic activity and has been studied as an anticancer metabolite along with neoamphimedine. Studies have shown that deoxyamphimedine damages DNA by generating reactive oxygen species, a mechanism different from that of amphimedine.
Insecticidal agent 33 is an AChE inhibitor with nematicidal activity. Insecticidal agent 33 impairs locomotor activity of Caenorhabditis elegans, and induces oxidative damage in Caenorhabditis elegans, including elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, lipofuscin accumulation, lipid deposition, and disrupted cellular homeostasis. Insecticidal agent 33 can be used for the research of plant-parasitic nematode infection.
Eprinomectin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Eprinomectin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Eprinomectin is a type of avermectin. Eprinomectin, as a broad-spectrum fungicide, has insecticidal, insecticidal and acaricidal activities. Eprinomectin induces apoptosisand autophagy in prostate cancer cells and has antitumor activity.
Callistephin (Pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside) chloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Callistephin chloride (HY-W040045). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Callistephin chloride is an anthocyanin. Callistephin chloride regulates the expression of inflammatory (reducing iNOS/TNF-α/COX-2) and apoptosis-related proteins by inhibiting p38 phosphorylation, and enhances the protective effect of Isoflurane (HY-A0134) on microglial cell damage. Callistephin chloride significantly reduces ROS levels, eliminates DPPH free radicals, protects retinal pigment epithelial cells, and inhibits lipid peroxidation. Callistephin chloride can alleviate glutamate excitotoxicity, reduce neuronal apoptosis, and protect cerebellar granule neurons. Callistephin chloride can inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer cells by inducing apoptosis.
Striatisporolide A is an antibacterial agent. Striatisporolide A exhibits antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli in vitro. Striatisporolide A damages the cell wall and cell membrane of Escherichia coli, and induces changes in protein levels and morphology. Striatisporolide A reduces the level of apoptosis (apoptosis) in HUVECs, inhibits excessive production of ROS, and possesses pro-proliferative and mild cytoprotective effects. Striatisporolide A can be used in studies related to bacterial infections and degenerative diseases.
Azoxystrobin-d3 is deuterium labeled Azoxystrobin. Azoxystrobin is a broad-spectrum β-methoxyacrylate fungicide. Azoxystrobin inhibits mitochondrial respiration by binding to the Qo site of the cytochrome bc1 complex and inhibiting electron transfer. Azoxystrobin induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induces cell apoptosis.
10-Gingerol (Standard) is the analytical standard of 10-Gingerol (HY-N0448). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 10-Gingerol is an AMPK agonist, which is found in the ginger oleoresin from fresh rhizome with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities. 10-Gingerol suppresses neointimal hyperplasia and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. 10-Gingerol exhibits substantial scavenging activities with an IC50 value of 10.47 μM against DPPH radical, an IC50 value of 1.68 μM against superoxide radical and an IC50 value of 1.35 μM against hydroxyl radical. 10-Gingerol inhibits the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 tumor cell line with an IC50 of 12.1 μM. 10-Gingerol suppresses the proliferation, migration, invasion, and induced apoptosis through targeting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in MDA-MB-231/IR cells. 10-Gingerol is promising for research of ulcerative colitis.
Tubulin/VEGFR-2-IN-2 is an orally active tubulin and VEGFR-2 inhibitor with IC50s of 3.27 and 0.09 μM, respectively. Tubulin/VEGFR-2-IN-2 exerts the antitumor effects through multifaceted pathways, including enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, disrupting mitochondrial membrane potential, inducing apoptosis, and arresting the cell cycle. Tubulin/VEGFR-2-IN-2 demonstrates anti-angiogenic properties by significantly impairing endothelial cell migration, invasion, and tube formation in vitro. Tubulin/VEGFR-2-IN-2 suppresses angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis in vivo. Tubulin/VEGFR-2-IN-2 can be used for non-small lung cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer and lymphoma.
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