2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-14614D
    S-Adenosyl-L-methionine iodide
    		Inducer
    S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (S-Adenosyl methionine) iodide is an orally active methyl group donor. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine iodide is a dietary supplement with potent antidepressant effects. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine iodide also has anti‑proliferative, pro‑apoptotic and anti‑metastatic roles in cancers. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine iodide has the potential for, cancer, liver disease and osteoarthritis research.
    S-Adenosyl-L-methionine iodide
  • HY-W015084A
    (E)-β-Ionone
    		99.16%
    (E)-β-Ionone is the isomer of β-Ionone (HY-W015084). β-Ionone is effective in the induction of apoptosis in gastric adenocarcinoma SGC7901 cells. β-Ionone has anti-cancer activity.
    (E)-β-Ionone
  • HY-16363
    Omtriptolide
    		Inducer
    Omtriptolide (PG490-88) is a derivative proagent of triptolide purified from the Chinese herb.
    Omtriptolide
  • HY-15654S
    Phenylbutyrate-d11 sodium
    		Inducer 99.85%
    Phenylbutyrate-d11 (sodium) is deuterium labeled Sodium 4-phenylbutyrate. Sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA sodium) is an inhibitor of HDAC and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, used in cancer and infection research.
    Phenylbutyrate-d<sub>11</sub> sodium
  • HY-139659
    ARD-61
    		Inducer 99.57%
    ARD-61 is a highly potent, effective and specific PROTAC androgen receptor (AR) degrader. ARD-61 potently and effectively induces AR and progesterone receptors (PR) degradation in AR+ cancer cell lines. ARD-61 induces apoptosis and effectively induces tumor growth inhibition in the MDA-MB-453 xenograft model in mice. ARD-61 is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
    ARD-61
  • HY-N7152
    6-Dehydrogingerdione
    		Inducer 99.37%
    6-Dehydrogingerdione sensitizes human hepatoblastoma Hep G2 cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis via reactive oxygen species-mediated increase of DR5.
    6-Dehydrogingerdione
  • HY-N4246
    Bacopaside I
    		Inducer 99.20%
    Bacopaside I is an orally active aquaporin AQP1 inhibitor and PKC modulator with neuroprotective and anticancer activities. Bacopaside I specifically blocks the water channel and cGMP-gated ion channel activities of AQP1 without affecting AQP4, thereby inhibiting the migration of colon cancer cells expressing AQP1. Bacopaside I activates the Akt pathway by interacting with PI3K, specifically inhibits MAO-A, effectively alleviates neuron necrosis and apoptosis induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation, reduces oxidative stress, and regulates the surface expression of neuroreceptors. When combined with Bacopaside II (HY-N6016), Bacopaside I significantly reduces the viability, proliferation and invasion ability of breast cancer cells, and binds to the pregnane X receptor (PXR). Bacopaside I is applicable to the research of colon cancer, breast cancer, vascular dementia, cerebral ischemia and other related diseases.
    Bacopaside I
  • HY-119906
    Conglobatin
    		Inducer
    Conglobatin (FW-04-806), a macrolide dilactone, is isolated from the culture of Streptomyces conglobatus. Conglobatin is an orally active Hsp90 inhibitor. Conglobatin can bind to the N-terminal domain of Hsp90 and disrupt Hsp90-Cdc37 complex formation. Conglobatin induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells, and exhibits antitumor activity in vivo.
    Conglobatin
  • HY-123581
    Quinocetone
    		Inducer 98.25%
    Quinocetone is an orally active animal feed additive used to increase the meat production of livestock and poultry. Quinocetone exhibits antibacterial activity against a variety of pathogenic microorganisms. Quinocetone exhibits tissue-specific (liver, lymphocyte) toxicity. Quinocetone induces autophagy in cells through the ATF6/DAPK1 pathway. Quinocetone activates the NF-κB and iNOS pathways, leading to cell apoptosis, hepatocyte vacuolar degeneration and fibrosis. Quinocetone can inhibit Nrf2/HO-1 and induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress and DNA damage.
    Quinocetone
  • HY-NP019
    Agkistrodon halys batroxobin
    		Inhibitor
    Agkistrodon halys batroxobin is a thrombin-like serine protease. Agkistrodon halys batroxobin reduces the expression of Sirt1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation in brain tissue. Agkistrodon halys batroxobin reduces cleaved caspase-3 expression and inhibits neuronal apoptosis in rat.
    Agkistrodon halys batroxobin
  • HY-108640A
    HLI373 dihydrochloride
    		Inducer 98.5%
    HLI373 dihydrochloride is an efficacious Hdm2 inhibitor. HLI373 dihydrochloride inhibits the ubiquitin ligase activity of Hdm2. HLI373 dihydrochloride is effective in inducing apoptosis of several tumor cells that are sensitive to DNA-damaging agents. Antimalarial activity.
    HLI373 dihydrochloride
  • HY-N2334AR
    Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt (Standard) is the analytical standard of Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt (Sodium glycochenodeoxycholate) is a relatively toxic bile salt generated in the liver from chenodeoxycholic acid and glycine. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt inhibits Autophagosome formation and impairs lysosomal function by inhibiting lysosomal proteolysis and increasing lysosomal pH in human normal liver cells, leading to the Apoptosis of human hepatocyte cells. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt induces stemness and chemoresistance via activating STAT3 signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCC). Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt is promising for research in the field of cholestasis desease, hepatocellular carcinoma and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).
    Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt (Standard)
  • HY-P2310A
    Defensin HNP-1 human TFA
    		Inhibitor 99.91%
    Defensin HNP-1 human TFA is a type of human neutrophil peptide (HNPs). Defensin HNP-1 human TFA possesses immunomodulatory functions and can delay the apoptosis of neutrophils. Defensin HNP-1 human TFA inhibits DNA/RNA/protein synthesis and interferes with metabolic pathways, thus exhibiting broad antibacterial activity. Defensin HNP-1 human TFA has direct inactivation effects on HIV, HSV-1, HSV-2, CMV, influenza virus, etc. Defensin HNP-1 human TFA has antileishmanial activity. Defensin HNP-1 human TFA is involved in endothelial cell dysfunction during the early development of atherosclerosis.
    Defensin HNP-1 human TFA
  • HY-P11288A
    ANT308 TFA
    		Inducer 99.57%
    ANT308 TFA is a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP receptor) antagonist. ANT308 TFA significantly enhances the activation and proliferation of T cells. ANT308 TFA inhibits the migration and metastasis, induces apoptosis of melanoma tumor cells by inhibiting VIP-VPAC2 signaling and reducing the expression of MCAM and N-cadherin. ANT308 TFA can be used for the study of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and uveal melanoma (UVM).
    ANT308 TFA
  • HY-136658
    STAT3-IN-48
    		Inducer 98.64%
    STAT3-IN-48 is a Sorafenib analogue and potently inhibits the phosphorylation of STAT3. STAT3-IN-48 induces cell apoptosis through SHP-1 dependent STAT3 inactivation. STAT3-IN-48 does not inhibit kinase activity and has anticancer effects.
    STAT3-IN-48
  • HY-136477
    Pentagamavunon-1
    		Inducer 98.95%
    Pentagamavunon-1 (PGV-1), a Curcumin analog with oral activity, targets on several molecular mechanisms to induce apoptosis including inhibition of angiogenic factors cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). PGV-1 inhibits NF-κB activation.
    Pentagamavunon-1
  • HY-W127530
    α-Tocopherol phosphate disodium
    		Inhibitor 98.01%
    α-Tocopherol phosphate disodium is an antioxidant that protects against long-wave UVA1 induced cell death and scavenge UVA1 induced ROS in a skin cell model. α-Tocopherol phosphate disodium exhibits angiogenesis-promoting activity.
    α-Tocopherol phosphate disodium
  • HY-W014423S
    L-Histidine-13C hydrochloride hydrate
    		Inducer 98.00%
    L-Histidine-13C hydrochloride hydrate is the 13C-labeled L-Histidine hydrochloride hydrate (HY-W014423). L-Histidine hydrochloride hydrate is an endogenous metabolite. L-Histidine hydrochloride hydrate scavenges hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen, regulate the absorption of zinc, copper and iron, exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. L-Histidine hydrochloride hydrate is blood brain barrier penetrable.
    L-Histidine-<sup>13</sup>C hydrochloride hydrate
  • HY-115567
    5-NIdR
    		Inducer 99.81%
    5-NIdR (1-(β-D-2-Deoxyribofuranosyl)-5-nitroindole), an artificial nucleoside, exhibits the ability to inhibit the replication of DNA lesions generated by Temozolomide (HY-17364). 5-NIdR induces cancer cells apoptosis and arrests cell cycle at G0 phase. 5-NIdR enhances Temozolomide anti-tumor efficacy in murine glioblastoma model.
    5-NIdR
  • HY-P2343
    BH3 hydrochloride
    		Activator 98.03%
    BH3 hydrochloride, a BBB penetrated peptide, provoke apoptosis either by direct activation of pro-apoptotic Bax/Bak or by neutralizing anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Bcl-w, Mcl-1 and A-1) via their BH3 domian.
    BH3 hydrochloride
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity