2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-124584A
    Minnelide free base
    		Activator
    Minnelide free base is a prodrug of Triptolide (HY-32735) that shows potent antitumor activity in a number of tumor types, particularly in pancreatic cancer. Minnelide free base promotes apoptosis.
    Minnelide free base
  • HY-178057
    EGFR-IN-176
    		Inducer
    EGFR-IN-176 is an orally active and ATP-competitive EGFR mutant inhibitor (particularly C797S-mediated EGFR triple mutant). EGFR-IN-176 effectively inhibits subsequent AKT signaling and induces apoptosis in Ba/F3 and PC-9 cells expressing EGFR19del/T790M/C797S and EGFRL858R/T790M/C797S. EGFR-IN-176 selectively inhibits EGFR signaling in cell lines harboring EGFR triple mutation and shows no inhibitory effect against A431 cells that express wild-type EGFR. EGFR-IN-176 can effectively inhibit the enzymatic activity of ALK (IC50 < 0.5 nM). EGFR-IN-176 can be used for the study of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
    EGFR-IN-176
  • HY-N15121
    4-O-Methyl-ascochlorin
    		Inducer
    4-O-Methyl-ascochlorin (Compound MAC) is a derivative of Ascochlorin (HY-101021). 4-O-Methyl-ascochlorin can selectively induce apoptosis of K562 leukemia cells, cause G1 phase arrest and downregulate c-Myc expression. 4-O-Methyl-ascochlorin can promote the phosphorylation of AMPK and inhibit the phosphorylation of mTOR and its target proteins, including p70S6 K and 4E-BP-1. 4-O-Methyl-ascochlorin can be used for research of leukemia.
    4-O-Methyl-ascochlorin
  • HY-123659
    KR-33028
    		Inhibitor
    KR-33028 is a selective NHE1 inhibitor. KR-33028 reduces hypoxia-induced necrosis and apoptosis in H9c2 cells. KR-33028 inhibits hypoxia-induced increases in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Ca2+ levels and cytochrome c release. KR-33028 improves cardiac contractility, reduces lactate dehydrogenase release, and increases tissue ATP, creatine phosphate, and glycogen levels. KR-33028 can be used in research on cancers such as cardioblastoma and cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic stroke.
    KR-33028
  • HY-175531
    EGFR-IN-169
    		Inducer
    EGFR-IN-169 is an epidermal growth factor (EGFR) (IC50 = 5.19 μM) inhibitor form panaxadiol. EGFR-IN-169 interferes with the migration and growth of colorectal cancer cells by inhibiting EGFR-mediated RalA/EMT pathway. EGFR-IN-169 shows an IC50 value of 4.46 μM and SI of 16.92 for HCT-116 cells. EGFR-IN-169 inhibits CDKs activity, induces G0/G1 cycle arrest and inhibits migration and invasion. EGFR-IN-169 reduces mitochondrial membrane potential and induces apoptosis and ROS production. EGFR-IN-169 can be used for the research of cancer, such as colorectal cancer.
    EGFR-IN-169
  • HY-B0886R
    Iproniazid phosphate (Standard)
    		Activator
    Iproniazid (phosphate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Iproniazid phosphate (HY-B0886). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Iproniazid phosphate is an orally active, irreversible, non-selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor. Iproniazid phosphate inhibits MAO activity and enhances Rotenone (HY-B1756)-induced Apoptosis. Iproniazid phosphate modulates neurotransmitter levels, affects neuronal function, induces hepatic necrosis, and interferes with the endocrine system. Iproniazid phosphate can be used in the research of depression, Parkinson's disease, and hepatotoxicity.
    Iproniazid phosphate (Standard)
  • HY-161923
    EGFR-IN-120
    		Inducer
    EGFR-IN-120 (Compound 11eg) is an orally active EGFR inhibitor. EGFR-IN-120 inhibits EGFRL858R/T790M/C797S with an IC50 value of 0.053 μM, and has a relatively weak effect on EGFRWT (IC50: 1.05 μM). EGFR-IN-120 inhibits the phosphorylation of EGFR and main downstream effectors (STAT3, AKT, and Erk). EGFR-IN-120 induces cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis in EGFR mutant cells. EGFR-IN-120 inhibits the proliferation of the NSCLC cells harboring EGFRL858R/T790M/C797S with an IC50 of 0.052 μM.
    EGFR-IN-120
  • HY-138443A
    BF-175
    		Inducer
    BF-175 is a selective SIRT1 agonist. BF175 increases SIRT1-mediated activation of PGC1-α, induces Apoptosis, induces Autophagy and inhibits SREBP activity. BF-175 protects against high glucose-mediated mitochondrial injury. BF-175 attenuates diabetic kidney disease progression. BF175 inhibits endometrial carcinoma.
    BF-175
  • HY-178104
    HDAC-IN-93
    		Inducer
    HDAC-IN-93 is a HDAC inhibitor with promising total pan-HDAC inhibitory activity. HDAC-IN-93 demonstrates significant broad-spectrum antiproliferative activity across various cancer cell lines. HDAC-IN-93 induces cell apoptosis along with necrosis. HDAC-IN-93 can be used for the studies of prostate cancer and breast cancer.
    HDAC-IN-93
  • HY-179160
    Tubulin-IN-61
    		Inducer
    Tubulin-IN-61 is a tubulin polymerization inhibitor with an IC50 of ≤7.63 μM. Tubulin-IN-61 induces early apoptosis and triggers significant G2/M phase arrest. Tubulin-IN-61 elevates intracellular ROS levels. Tubulin-IN-61 shows high activity against MCF-7 cells with an IC50 of 5.61 μM. Tubulin-IN-61 can be used for the research of breast cancer.
    Tubulin-IN-61
  • HY-170972
    PARP1/NAMPT-IN-2
    		Inducer
    PARP1/NAMPT-IN-2 (Compound 13j) is a dual PARP/NAMPT inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.8 nM and 18 nM for PARP1 and NAMPT, respectively. PARP1/NAMPT-IN-2 can inhibit the proliferation, migration and induce apoptosis of breast cancer cells. PARP1/NAMPT-IN-2 can be used for the research of triple-negative breast cancer.
    PARP1/NAMPT-IN-2
  • HY-W845197
    L-Asparagine-15N2
    L-Asparagine-15N2 ((-)-Asparagine-15N2) is the 15N-labeled L-Asparagine (HY-N0667). L-Asparagine is an essential amino acid for leukemic cells and a substrate for L-Asparaginase. L-Asparaginase is a potent anti-leukemic enzyme that promotes asparagine (Asn) and glutamine (Gln) depletion and inhibits protein biosynthesis in lymphoblasts. Removal of L-asparagine from plasma by L-Asparaginase results in inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis and subsequent apoptosis. L-Asparaginase has cell-killing ability in vitro and in vivo, and selectively inhibits the growth of cancer cells with low asparagine synthetase (AASNS) expression. L-Asparagine can be used as a biomarker and sensor for the study of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
    L-Asparagine-<sup>15</sup>N<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-156453
    PAK4-IN-3
    		Inducer
    PAK4-IN-3(compound 27e) is aPAK4inhibitor, with theIC50of 10 nM.PAK4-IN-3shows antiproliferative activity against A549 cells with anIC50value of 0.61μM, and inducesapoptosisof A549 cells in a concentration-dependent manner and blocked the cell cycle at phase G0/G1.
    PAK4-IN-3
  • HY-181093
    EGFR-IN-191
    		Inducer
    EGFR-IN-191 is an anti-tumor agent targeting both EGFR and AKT. EGFR-IN-191 exerts its anti-tumor activity by inducing DNA damage, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of the PI3K/AKT-EGFR signaling pathway in tumor cells. EGFR-IN-191 can be used in the study of tumors such as triple-negative breast cancer.
    EGFR-IN-191
  • HY-N0564R
    Notopterol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Notopterol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Notopterol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Notopterol is a coumarin extracted from N. incisum. Notopterol induces apoptosis and has antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Notopterol is used for acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
    Notopterol (Standard)
  • HY-124657
    PRN-371
    		Inducer
    PRN-371 is a potent and selective JAK3 inhibitor. PRN371 effectively suppresses natural killer/T-cell lymphoma cell proliferation and induces apoptosis through abrogation of the JAK3-STAT signaling. PRN-371 exhibits antitumor activity and can be used for the research of cancer, such as hematological malignancies.
    PRN-371
  • HY-125848R
    Ginsenoside F2 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Ginsenoside F2 (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ginsenoside F2. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ginsenoside F2, a metabolite from Ginsenoside Rb1, induces apoptosis accompanied by protective autophagy in breast cancer stem cells.
    Ginsenoside F2 (Standard)
  • HY-B0228S3
    Adenosine-3′-13C
    		99.95%
    Adenosine-3′-13C is the 13C labeled Adenosine. Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiolo
    Adenosine-3′-<sup>13</sup>C
  • HY-W702292
    (R)-(+)-Verapamil-d6 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    (R)-(+)-Verapamil-d6 (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled (R)-Verapamil (hydrochloride). (R)-Verapamil hydrochloride ((R)-(+)-Verapamil hydrochloride) is a P-Glycoprotein inhibitor. (R)-Verapamil hydrochloride blocks MRP1 mediated transport, resulting in chemosensitization of MRP1-overexpressing cells to anticancer agents.
    (R)-(+)-Verapamil-d<sub>6</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-163062
    Tubulin/NRP1-IN-1
    		Inducer
    Tubulin/NRP1-IN-1 (compound TN-2) is a dual inhibitor of Tubulin and NRP1 with IC50s of 0.71 and 0.85 μM, respectively. Tubulin/NRP1-IN-1 significantly inhibits the viability of prostate tumor cell lines and induces apoptosis.
    Tubulin/NRP1-IN-1
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity