2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-P2970
    Stem bromelain
    		Inducer
    Stem bromelain (EC 3.4.22.32) is a cysteine protease and antibacterial agent. Stem bromelain can be isolated from the stem of the pineapple (Ananas comosus). Stem bromelain induces dose-dependent secretion of IL-12p70, and IL-6, induces Apoptosis, causes cleavage of full-length PARP protein, Caspase 3, and Caspase 9, increases Bax, and decreases Bcl-2. Stem bromelain possesses various fibrinolytic, antiedema, antithrombotic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Stem bromelain also exhibits in vivo antitumor and antileukemic activities, as well as antimetastatic effects. Stem bromelain has antimycobacterial activity. Stem bromelain provides protection against lead poisoning.
    Stem bromelain
  • HY-B0316
    Avobenzone
    		Inducer 98.0%
    Avobenzone, a dibenzoylmethane compound, is one of the most widely used filters in sunscreens for skin photoprotection in the UVA band. Avobenzone is an endocrine disruptor that directly binds to estrogen receptor β and acts as an estrogen agonist.
    Avobenzone
  • HY-138253S
    2′,2′-Difluorodeoxyuridine-13C,15N2
    		Inducer 99.50%
    2′,2′-Difluorodeoxyuridine-13C,15N2 (dFdU-13C,15N2) is a 13C- and 15N-labeled compound. 2’,2’-Difluorodeoxyuridine (dFdU) is the main metabolite of Gemcitabine (HY-17026). 2’,2’-Difluorodeoxyuridine causes a concentration- and schedule- dependent radiosensitising effect in vitro. 2’,2’-Difluorodeoxyuridine arrests cell cycle at the early S phase and induces apoptosis in cancer cells.
    2′,2′-Difluorodeoxyuridine-<sup>13</sup>C,<sup>15</sup>N<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-Y0598
    trans-Chalcone
    		Inducer 98.79%
    trans-Chalcone, isolated from Aronia melanocarpa skin, is a biphenolic core structure of flavonoids precursor. trans-Chalcone is a potent fatty acid synthase (FAS) and α-amylase inhibitor. trans-Chalcone causes cellcycle arrest and induces apoptosis in the breastcancer cell line MCF-7. trans-Chalcone has antifungal and anticancer activity.
    trans-Chalcone
  • HY-W012352
    2-Hydroxyanthraquinone
    		Inducer 98.0%
    2-Hydroxyanthraquinone is a product generated by the photochemical oxidation of Anthracene (ANT) (HY-Y0299). 2-Hydroxyanthraquinone induces ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes by depleting GSH and inhibiting GPX4, leading to cardiac developmental malformations. 2-Hydroxyanthraquinone causes damage to the cerebrovascular system and blood-brain barrier in zebrafish by downregulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, as well as inducing inflammation and neuronal apoptosis. 2-Hydroxyanthraquinone can be used in studies related to cerebrovascular diseases and cardiotoxicity.
    2-Hydroxyanthraquinone
  • HY-A0003R
    Lenalidomide (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Lenalidomide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lenalidomide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lenalidomide (CC-5013), a derivative of Thalidomide, acts as molecular glue. Lenalidomide is an orally active immunomodulator. Lenalidomide (CC-5013) is a ligand of ubiquitin E3 ligase cereblon (CRBN), and it causes selective ubiquitination and degradation of two lymphoid transcription factors, IKZF1 and IKZF3, by the CRBN-CRL4 ubiquitin ligase. Lenalidomide (CC-5013) specifically inhibits growth of mature B-cell lymphomas, including multiple myeloma, and induces IL-2 release from T cells.
    Lenalidomide (Standard)
  • HY-N10544
    δ-Cadinene
    		Inducer
    δ-Cadinene ((+)-δ-Cadinene) is a sesquiterpene in essential oils. δ-Cadinene shows antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on human ovary cancer (OVCAR-3) cells. δ-Cadinene has trichomonacidal, antimicrobial, antifungal and anticancer properties.
    δ-Cadinene
  • HY-16569R
    Colchicine (Standard)
    		Modulator
    Colchicine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Colchicine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Colchicine, an orally active alkaloid, is a potent tubulin inhibitor and a microtubule disrupting agent. Colchicine inhibits microtubule polymerization with an IC50 of 3 nM. Colchicine is also a competitive antagonist of the α3 glycine receptors (GlyRs). Colchicine prevents non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced small intestinal injury by inhibiting activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Colchicine has extensive anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and strong anti-fibrosis effects and has the potential for gouty arthritis research.
    Colchicine (Standard)
  • HY-109169B
    Bomedemstat hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Bomedemstat (IMG-7289) hydrochloride is an orally active and irreversible lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) inhibitor. Bomedemstat hydrochloride can increase H3K4 and H3K9 methylation, and then alter gene expression. Bomedemstat hydrochloride shows anti-cancer activities, inhibits cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis.
    Bomedemstat hydrochloride
  • HY-18741
    VR23
    		Inducer 99.58%
    VR23 is a small molecule that potently inhibits the activities of trypsin-like proteasomes (IC50=1 nM), chymotrypsin-like proteasomes (IC50=50-100 nM), and caspase-like proteasomes (IC50=3 μM).
    VR23
  • HY-160698
    SGR-1505
    		Inducer 99.89%
    SGR-1505 is an oral small molecule MALT1 inhibitor with anti-proliferative and antitumor activity.SGR-1505 inhibits MALT1 enzymatic activity to modulate NF-κB pathway gene expression.SGR-1505 induces modulation of cell cycle, DNA damage, and apoptosis-related genes in in vivo tumor samples.SGR-1505 exerts tumorostatic and regressive activity in ABC-DLBCL xenograft models.SGR-1505 can be used for the research of activated B cell-like diffuse large B cell lymphoma, non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and mature B cell neoplasms.
    SGR-1505
  • HY-13064A
    Cobimetinib hemifumarate
    		Inducer 99.68%
    Cobimetinib hemifumarate is a novel selective MEK1 inhibitor, and the IC50 value against MEK1 is 4.2 nM.
    Cobimetinib hemifumarate
  • HY-138253R
    2′,2′-Difluorodeoxyuridine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    2′,2′-Difluorodeoxyuridine (Standard) is the analytical standard of 2′,2′-Difluorodeoxyuridine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 2’,2’-Difluorodeoxyuridine (dFdU) is the main metabolite of Gemcitabine (HY-17026). 2’,2’-Difluorodeoxyuridine causes a concentration- and schedule- dependent radiosensitising effect in vitro. 2’,2’-Difluorodeoxyuridine arrests cell cycle at the early S phase and induces apoptosis in cancer cells.
    2′,2′-Difluorodeoxyuridine (Standard)
  • HY-13495
    ML281
    		Inducer 98.04%
    ML281 is a highly selective inhibitor of serine/threonine kinase 33 (STK33) with an IC50 value of 14 nM. ML281 shows 700-fold selectivity over PKA and 550-fold over AurB. ML281 exerts core mechanism by inhibiting STK33: in small cell lung cancer, ML281 downregulates RPS6/BAD signaling phosphorylation, induces apoptosis, and suppresses proliferation, invasion. ML281 reduces STK33-mediated 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPD) phosphorylation in tyrosinemia . ML281 is suitable for research on STK33 function, KRAS mutation-related cancers (pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, etc.), small cell lung cancer, and tyrosinemia-related damage
    ML281
  • HY-B0003S
    Gemcitabine-13C,15N2 hydrochloride
    		99.80%
    Gemcitabine-13C,15N2 (hydrochloride) is the 13C and 15N labeled Gemcitabine hydrochloride. Gemcitabine Hydrochloride (LY 188011 Hydrochloride) is a pyrimidine nucleoside analog antimetabolite and an antineoplastic agent. Gemcitabine Hydrochloride inhibits DNA synthesis and repair, resulting in autophagyand apoptosis.
    Gemcitabine-<sup>13</sup>C,<sup>15</sup>N<sub>2</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-N0523S
    Gallic acid-d2
    		99.59%
    Gallic acid-d2 is the deuterium labeled Gallic acid. Gallic acid (3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a natural polyhydroxyphenolic compound and an free radical scavenger to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Gallic acid has various activities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticance activities.
    Gallic acid-d<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-10088
    Zibotentan
    		Inducer 99.37%
    Zibotentan (ZD4054) is a potent, selective and orally active endothelin A (ETA) receptor antagonist with a Ki of 13 nM. Zibotentan has no inhibitory effect on ETB. Zibotentan has anticancer effects and can be used for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) research.
    Zibotentan
  • HY-126675
    AS2863619 free base
    		Inducer 99.87%
    AS2863619 free base is an orally active CDK8/19 inhibitor that also inhibits BMP2, MDA5 and RIG-I receptors. AS2863619 free base targets Stat5a-CDK8/19 to promote the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into regulatory T cells and induce FOXP3 expression, thereby restoring immune homeostasis and establishing transplant immune tolerance. AS2863619 free base also enhances the BMP2/SMAD signaling pathway to promote osteogenic differentiation and inhibit adipogenic differentiation. AS2863619 free base exerts osteoprotective effects by alleviating inflammation-induced impairment of osteogenic function and inducing neutrophil apoptosis (apoptosis). AS2863619 free base can be applied to research in related fields such as periodontitis-induced bone defects.
    AS2863619 free base
  • HY-162919
    YK-2168
    		Inducer 98.05%
    YK-2168 is a potent and selective CDK9 inhibitor with an IC50 of 5.9 nM. YK-2168 inhibits phosphorylation of the CDK9 substrate pS2-RNA Pol II C-terminal domain. YK-2168 induces apoptosis in tumor cells, suppresses expression of CDK9-regulated genes including MYC and Mcl1, and inhibits tumor growth in CDX mice models. YK-2168 can be used for the research of cancer, such as leukemia.
    YK-2168
  • HY-19832
    SC66
    		Inducer 99.65%
    SC66 is an Akt inhibitor, reduces cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner, inhibits colony formation and induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells.
    SC66
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity