2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0644R
    Carnosic acid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Carnosic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Carnosic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Carnosic acid has demonstrated inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation, suppression of cell proliferation, and antibacterial activity.
    Carnosic acid (Standard)
  • HY-137976
    Penehyclidine hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.2%
    Penehyclidine (Penequinine) hydrochloride, a anticholinergic agent, is a selective antagonist of M1 and M3 receptors. Penehyclidine hydrochloride activates NF-kβ in lung tissue and inhibits the release of inflammatory factors. Penehyclidine hydrochloride can alleviate the pulmonary inflammatory response in rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) undergoing mechanical ventilation.
    Penehyclidine hydrochloride
  • HY-P2136F
    Biotin-COG1410 TFA
    		Inhibitor 98.00%
    Biotin-COG1410 TFA is a biotin labled COG1410 (HY-P2136). COG1410 is an apolipoprotein E-derived peptide and an apoptosis inhibitor. COG1410 exerts neuroprotective and antiinflammatory effects in a murine model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). COG1410 can be used for the research of neurological disease.
    Biotin-COG1410 TFA
  • HY-N10113
    Verrucarin J
    		Inducer 99.9%
    Verrucarin J (Muconomycin B) is a metabolite of the Myrothecium fungus family. Verrucarin J generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induces apoptosis of cancer cell lines, such as A549, HCT 116 and SW-620 cells. Verrucarin J shows activities against Candida albicans and Mucor miehei. Verrucarin J inhibits arenavirus Junin (JUNV) yield with an IC50 of 1.2 ng/mL.
    Verrucarin J
  • HY-N6932
    Voacamine
    		99.64%
    Voacamine is an indole alkaloid with cannabinoid 1 (CB1) antagonistic activity. Voacamine can inhibit nuclear translocation. Voacamine is effective in enhancing the effect of Doxorubicin (HY-15142A) as it interferes with the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function. Voacamine promotes apoptosis-independent autophagic cell death in human osteosarcoma cells. Voacamine activates mitochondrial-associated apoptosis signaling pathway and inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway to suppress breast cancer progression. Voacamine inhibits EGFR to exert oncogenic activity against colorectal cancer.
    Voacamine
  • HY-130326
    RAPTA-C
    		Activator 99.30%
    RAPTA-C (Ru(η6-p-cymene)Cl2(pta)) acts as an anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic agent. RAPTA-C exhibits anti-metastatic, anti-angiogenic, and anti-tumoral activities through protein and histone-deoxyribonucleic acid alterations. RAPTA-C exhibits cell growth inhibition by triggering G(2)/M phase arrest in cancer cells. RAPTA-C also enhances the levels of p53 and triggers the mitochondrial Apoptotic pathway, resulting in cytochrome C release and caspase-9 activation. RAPTA-C reduces the growth of tumors with the inhibition of angiogenesis in a ovarian carcinoma model.
    RAPTA-C
  • HY-120793
    CMC2.24
    		Activator
    CMC2.24 (TRB-N0224), an orally active tricarbonylmethane agent, is effective against pancreatic tumor in mice by inhibiting Ras activation and its downstream effector ERK1/2 pathway. CMC2.24 is also a potent inhibitor of zinc-dependent MMPs with IC50s ranging from 2.0-69 μM. CMC2.24 alleviates osteoarthritis progression by restoring cartilage homeostasis and inhibiting chondrocyte apoptosis via the NF-κB/HIF-2α axis.
    CMC2.24
  • HY-105025A
    Thymocartin TFA
    		Inhibitor 99.34%
    Thymocartin TFA is the TFA salt form of Thymocartin (HY-105025). Thymocartin TFA inhibits apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes in HIV infected individuals. Thymocartin TFA is potential for immunodeficiency diseases research.
    Thymocartin TFA
  • HY-144448
    FAK-IN-2
    		98.27%
    FAK-IN-2 is a potent and orally active focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitor, with anticancer activity (FAK IC50= 35 nM). FAK-IN-2 covalently inhibits the autophosphorylation of FAK in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibits the clone formation and migration of tumor cells, inducing apoptosis.
    FAK-IN-2
  • HY-P1421
    Obestatin(human)
    		Inducer 99.74%
    Obestatin(human) is a 23-amino acid amidated peptide that regulates appetite and gastrointestinal motility via its interaction with GPR39. Obestatin(human) can be used for weight loss. Obestatin(human) cannot penetrate the cell membrane.
    Obestatin(human)
  • HY-N3831
    Epimedokoreanin B
    		Inducer 98.86%
    Epimedokoreanin B is a natural flavonoid with anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. Epimedokoreanin B inhibits the growth of lung cancer cells through endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis accompanied by autophagosome accumulation. Epimedokoreanin B is an anti-periodontitis agent that inhibits gingipains and Porphyromonas gingivalis growth and biofilm formation.
    Epimedokoreanin B
  • HY-124843
    LLL3
    LLL3 (CLT-005) is a STAT3 inhibitor. LLL3 inhibits dimerization and phosphorylation of STAT3, thereby preventing intraconuclear transfer of STAT3 and inhibits the expression of STAT3 dependent genes, which encode proteins such as Bcl-xL and cyclin D1. In addition, LLL3 can induce cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in human breast cancer and rhabdomyosarcoma cells via the caspase pathway. LLL3 can be used in the study of STAT3 persistent activation types of cancer.
    LLL3
  • HY-N0667R
    L-Asparagine (Standard)
    L-Asparagine (Standard) is the analytical standard of L-Asparagine (HY-N0667). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. L-Asparagine is an essential amino acid for leukemic cells and a substrate for L-Asparaginase. L-Asparaginase is a potent anti-leukemic enzyme that promotes asparagine (Asn) and glutamine (Gln) depletion and inhibits protein biosynthesis in lymphoblasts. Removal of L-asparagine from plasma by L-Asparaginase results in inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis and subsequent apoptosis. L-Asparaginase has cell-killing ability in vitro and in vivo, and selectively inhibits the growth of cancer cells with low asparagine synthetase (AASNS) expression. L-Asparagine can be used as a biomarker and sensor for the study of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
    L-Asparagine (Standard)
  • HY-153996
    CT1113
    		Inducer 99.61%
    CT1113 is a selective, orally active USP25/USP28 inhibitor. CT1113 inhibits cancer cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, and causes G2/S phase cell cycle arrest. CT1113 reduces the levels of total BCR-ABL1, phosphorylated BCR-ABL1, total STAT5, and phosphorylated STAT5, but does not alter the mRNA level of BCR-ABL1. CT1113 is applicable to research related to pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, and acute leukemia.
    CT1113
  • HY-N2638
    Ilexsaponin A
    		Inhibitor 99.53%
    Ilexsaponin A, isolated from the root of Ilex pubescens, attenuates ischemia-reperfusion-induced myocardial injury through anti-apoptotic pathway. Ilexsaponin A can reduce myocardial infarct size, lower the serum levels of LDH, AST and CK-MB, increase cellular viability and inhibit apoptosis in hypoxia/reoxygenation cardiomyocytes.
    Ilexsaponin A
  • HY-151799
    P62-RNF168 agonist-1
    		Activator 98.03%
    P62-RNF168 agonist-1 (compound 5a) is a low cytotoxicity P62-RNF168 agonist that enhances the interaction between P62 and RNF168. P62-RNF168 agonist-1 induces a reduction in H2A ubiquitination mediated by RNF168 and impairs homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair. P62-RNF168 agonist-1 also inhibits the growth of xenograft tumors in mice in a dose-dependent manner.
    P62-RNF168 agonist-1
  • HY-A0067S
    Oxybenzone-d5
    		99%
    Oxybenzone-d5 is the deuterium labeled Oxybenzone. Oxybenzone (Benzophenone 3) is a commonly used UV filter in sun tans and skin protectants. Oxybenzone act as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and can pass through the placental and blood-brain barriers. Benzophenone-3 impairs autophagy, alters epigenetic status, and disrupts retinoid X receptor signaling in apoptotic neuronal cells.
    Oxybenzone-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-119715
    AG-012986
    		Inducer 99.78%
    AG-012986 is a pan-CDK inhibitor with Ki values of 44 nM (CDK1), 9.2 nM (CDK4), 94 nM (CDK2), and IC50 values of 22 nM (CDK5), 4 nM (CDK9). AG-012986 causes apoptosis of T-cells by targeting upstream kinases in the p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and impairing cellular survival. AG-012986 induces cell cycle arrest, retinoblastoma protein hypophosphorylation, and reduces Ki-67 expression. AG-012986 exerts antiproliferative activity in tumor cells, demonstrates antitumor efficacy in human xenograft models, and causes retinal and peripheral neurotoxicity, plus immune cell toxicity. AG-012986 can be used for the research of colon carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, lung carcinoma, breast carcinoma, ovarian tumor, pancreatic carcinoma, osteosarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, retinotoxicity.
    AG-012986
  • HY-15028
    Otenaproxesul
    		Inducer 98.03%
    Otenaproxesul (ATB-346), an orally active non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 (COX-1 and 2). Otenaproxesul possesses antiinflammatory and antinociceptive activities.
    Otenaproxesul
  • HY-N0837R
    Veratramine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Veratramine (NSC17821; NSC23880) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Veratramine (HY-N0837). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Veratramine (NSC17821; NSC23880) is an orally active inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and a SIGMAR1 modulator. Veratramine induces autophagic apoptosis of tumor cells, arrests the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase, and inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins to reduce tumor migration. Veratramine reduces spinal cord and sciatic nerve pathological damage in a neuropathy model by inhibiting SIGMAR1 binding to NMDAR and phosphorylation of NMDAR Ser896. Veratramine has anti-tumor proliferation, apoptosis induction, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities, and can be used in the study of cancers such as liver cancer and osteosarcoma, as well as diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
    Veratramine (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity