2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-130965B
    Thalidomide-PEG3-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 98.02%
    Thalidomide-PEG3-NH2 hydrochloride is the Thalidomide (HY-10984)-based cereblon ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein.Thalidomide-PEG3-NH2 hydrochloride can be connected to the ligand for protein by a linker to form PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-PEG3-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-169225A
    PDIC-NN dimethanesulfonate
    		Inducer
    PDIC-NN dimethanesulfonate (PDIC-NS) is a STING activator with anticancer activity. PDIC-NN dimethanesulfonate promotes the content and biostability of endogenous cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs). PDIC-NN dimethanesulfonate triggers ROS burst and causes serious damage to mitochondria. PDIC-NN dimethanesulfonate induces cell apoptosis and inhibits DNA replication. PDIC-NN dimethanesulfonate activates cGAS-STING signaling pathway, enhances the immunogenicity of tumor cells and activates a robust innate immune response.
    PDIC-NN dimethanesulfonate
  • HY-173495
    FAK-IN-25
    		Inducer
    FAK-IN-25 (4c) is a FAK inhibitor with an IC50 of 50.98 nM. FAK-IN-25 (4c) induces apoptosis and causes cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. FAK-IN-25 (4c) can be used in cancer research.
    FAK-IN-25
  • HY-169083
    Bcl-2-IN-22
    Bcl-2-IN-22 (compound 1) is a gold(I) NHC complex with anticancer activity. Bcl-2-IN-22 induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway with an IC50 value of 0.014 μM. In addition, Bcl-2-IN-22 targets BCL-2 family members and exhibits pro-apoptosis and resensitization properties in multidrug-resistant leukemia cells that overexpress BCL-2.
    Bcl-2-IN-22
  • HY-151285
    JAK-2/3-IN-3
    		Inducer
    JAK-2-/3-IN-3 (compound ST4j) is a potent JAK2/3 inhibitor with IC50s of 13.00 and 14.86 nM for JAK2 and JAK3, respectively. JAK-2-/3-IN-3 inhibits autophosphorylation of JAK2 and induces apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. JAK-2-/3-IN-3 can be used in studies of lymph derived diseases and leukemia.
    JAK-2/3-IN-3
  • HY-13599S4
    Cladribine-13C,15N2
    		Inducer
    Cladribine-13C,15N2 (2-Chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine-13C,15N2) is the 13C- and 15N-labeled Cladribine (HY-13599). Cladribine (2-Chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine), a purine nucleoside analog, is an orally active?adenosine deaminase?inhibitor. Cladribine functions as an inhibitor of?DNA synthesis?to block the repair of the damaged DNA. Cladribine can inhibit DNA methylation. Cladribine has anti-lymphoma activity. Cladribine can be used for the research of several hematologic malignancies and multiple sclerosis.
    Cladribine-<sup>13</sup>C,<sup>15</sup>N<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-180782
    Triphenyltin(IV) diisopropyl dithiocarbamate
    		Inducer
    Triphenyltin(IV) diisopropyl dithiocarbamate (Compound OC2) is an anti-leukemia agent. Triphenyltin(IV) diisopropyl dithiocarbamate exhibits extremely strong cytotoxicity towards Jurkat cells, with an IC₅₀ value of 0.1 μM. Triphenyltin(IV) diisopropyl dithiocarbamate causes DNA damage, which subsequently leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, a large amount of ROS production, and ultimately results in the activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway (involving the activation of Caspase-9/-3) and the G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest, all of which jointly lead to the death of leukemia cells.
    Triphenyltin(IV) diisopropyl dithiocarbamate
  • HY-123237
    KRC-108
    		Inducer
    KRC-108, an aminopyridine, is an orally active multiple kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 80 nM, 23 nM, 3 nM, 70 nM, 30 nM, 39 nM for c-Met, c-Met M1250T, c-Met Y1230D, Ron, Flt3 and TrkA, respectively. KRC-108 induces cell cycle arrest, apoptotic cell death, and autophagy. KRC-108 exhibits anti-tumor activity in vivo in HT29 colorectal cancer, NCI-H441 lung cancer xenograft models in athymic BALB/c nu/nu mice.
    KRC-108
  • HY-B1490AS1
    Imipramine-d4
    		Inducer
    Imipramine-d4 is deuterium labeled Imipramine. Imipramine is an orally active tertiary amine tricyclic antidepressant. Imipramine is a Fascin1 inhibitor with antitumor activities. Imipramine also inhibits serotonin transporter with an IC50 value of 32 nM. Imipramine stimulates U-87MG glioma cells autophagy and induces HL-60 cell apoptosis. Imipramine shows neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects.
    Imipramine-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-107811A
    Harmol hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Harmol hydrochloride is an orally active β-carboline alkaloid. Harmol hydrochloride is a TFEB activator and monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Harmol hydrochloride can induce cell mitosis, Autophagy and Apoptosis. Harmol hydrochloride promotes the degradation of α-synuclein by regulating the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Harmol hydrochloride has anti-tumor, anti-depressant and anti-aging activities. Harmol hydrochloride improves motor impairment in a mouse Parkinson's disease model.
    Harmol hydrochloride
  • HY-109582S
    ADT-OH-d4
    ADT-OH-d4 (ACS 1-d4) is the deuterium labeled ADT-OH (HY-109582). ADT-OH is a hydrogen sulfide-releasing donor. ADT-OH induces apoptosis and upregulates FADD. ADT-OH inhibits FAK/Paxillin. ADT-OH has the potential for the research of cancer diseases.
    ADT-OH-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-175816
    5-HT6R/FAAH modulator 1
    		Inhibitor
    5-HT6R/FAAH modulator 1 is a selective serotonin 5-HT6 receptor ligand and the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) enzyme inhibitor. 5-HT6R/FAAH modulator 1 shows a pKi of 6.33 (5-HT6) and a pIC50 valuesof 6.29 (FAAH). 5-HT6R/FAAH modulator 1 also slightly inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) or butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes (pIC50 = 5.12). 5-HT6R/FAAH modulator 1 can inhibit apoptosis and reduce ROS levels. 5-HT6R/FAAH modulator 1 can be used for the research of neurological disease, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
    5-HT6R/FAAH modulator 1
  • HY-157564
    Antitumor agent-135
    		Inducer
    Antitumor agent-135 (Compound 13) is a potent antitumor agent. Antitumor agent-135 induces cell apoptosis, with IC50s of 3.79 , 10.55, 1.14, and 4.14 μM for NSCLC cell lines (A549, H460, PC-9, and PC-9/GR).
    Antitumor agent-135
  • HY-183252
    ICA-1S
    		Inducer
    ICA-1S is a specific PKC-ι inhibitor. ICA-1S can inhibit MAPK/JNK signaling pathway and downregulate the levels of c-Jun and TNF-α. ICA-1S inhibits the proliferation of breast cancer cells. ICA-1S induces apoptosis of breast cancer cells. ICA-1S can be used in breast cancer-related research.
    ICA-1S
  • HY-N0378AGL
    D-Mannitol, M200 (GMP Like)
    D-Mannitol, M200 (GMP Like) (Mannitol, M200 (GMP Like)) is the GMP Like class D-Mannitol that can be used as pharmaceutical excipients. D-Mannitol (Mannitol) is an oral, resistant sugar widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries to promote the absorption and retention of calcium and magnesium through cecal fermentation, while acting as a osmotic diuretic to reduce tissue edema. D-Mannitol can enhance brown fat formation, improve insulin effect, reduce blood sugar levels, And through the start the β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), PGC1α and PKA induced by means of white fat cells into brown fat cells.
    D-Mannitol, M200 (GMP Like)
  • HY-13716R
    Noscapine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Noscapine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Noscapine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Noscapine ((S,R)-Noscapine) is an orally active phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid with potent antitussive. Noscapine exerts its antitussive effects by activating sigma opioid receptors and is a non-competitive Bradykinin inhibitor. Noscapine disrupts microtubule dynamics, induces mitotic arrest and apoptosis. Noscapine possesses anticancer, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory activities, and can cross the blood-brain barrier[4].
    Noscapine (Standard)
  • HY-183102
    ATC12
    		Inducer
    ATC12 is a Aurora-A kinase inhibitor. ATC12 binds to Aurora-A and competes with TPX2 for binding to disrupt the Aurora-A/TPX2 interaction. ATC12 inhibits cancer cell proliferation, induces apoptosis and cellular senescence. ATC12 can be used in the research of breast cancer.
    ATC12
  • HY-N0353R
    Curdione (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Curdione (Standard) is the analytical standard of Curdione. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Curdione ((+)-Curdione) is an orally active sesquiterpenoid. Curdione inhibits platelet aggregation. Curdione induces ferroptosis in colorectal cancer via m6A methylation mediated by METTL14 and YTHDF2. Curdione inhibits ferroptosis in Isoproterenol (HY-B0468)-induced myocardial infarction by regulating the Keap1/Trx1/GPX4 signaling pathway, suppressing oxidative stress (ROS) and apoptosis. Curdione ameliorates Doxorubicin (HY-15142)-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress (ROS) and activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Curdione ameliorates sepsis-induced lung injury by inhibiting platelet-mediated neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Curdione ameliorates Bleomycin (HY-17565A)-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting TGF-β-induced fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation. Curdione exhibits neuroprotective effects against focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Curdione exerts antiproliferative effects against human uterine leiomyosarcoma by targeting IDO1. Curdione protects vascular endothelial cells and atherosclerosis by regulating DNMT1-mediated ERBB4 promoter methylation. Curdione inhibits inducible prostaglandin E2 production (IC50 = 1.1 μM) and cyclooxygenase 2 expression.
    Curdione (Standard)
  • HY-178008
    Mcl-1-IN-16
    		Inducer
    Mcl-1-IN-16 is an effective macrocyclic myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) inhibitor with a Ki of below 0.08 nM. Mcl-1-IN-16 maintains high selectivity (>50,000-fold) for Mcl-1 over other antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Mcl-1-IN-16 leads to the activation of caspase-3/7, thereby initiating cell apoptosis. Mcl-1-IN-16 achieves tumor regression in a lung cancer-derived tumor xenograft mice model. Mcl-1-IN-16 can be used in the research of solid tumor such as nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
    Mcl-1-IN-16
  • HY-131305
    HBDDE
    		Activator 98.03%
    HBDDE, a derivative of Ellagic acid, is an isoform-selective PKCα and PKCγ inhibitor with IC50s of 43 μM and 50 μM, respectively. HBDDE shows selective for PKCα/PKCγ over PKCδ, PKCβI and PKCβII isozymes. HBDDE induces neuronal apoptosis.
    HBDDE
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity