2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-134616
    Ulinastatin
    		Inhibitor
    Ulinastatin (Uristatin) is a trypsin and serine protease inhibitor. Ulinastatin is the main protein binding inhibitor of various trypsin, chymotrypsin, and various pancreatic proteases. Ulinastatin shows neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant effects.
    Ulinastatin
  • HY-109565
    Tolinapant
    		Inhibitor 99.81%
    Tolinapant (ASTX660) is an orally bioavailable dual antagonist of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein (cIAP) and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP).
    Tolinapant
  • HY-100237
    SZL P1-41
    		Inducer 99.07%
    SZL P1-41 is a specific Skp2 inhibitor, binds to the F-box domain of Skp2 to prevent Skp1 association and Skp2 SCF complex formation. SZL P1-41, like Skp2 deficiency, augments p27-mediated apoptosis/senescence, while it impairs Akt-driven glycolysis. Anti-tumor activities.
    SZL P1-41
  • HY-50909
    Perifosine
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Perifosine is an oral Akt inhibitor which inhibits proliferation of different tumor cell lines with IC50s of 0.6-8.9 μM.
    Perifosine
  • HY-13777A
    Zoledronic acid monohydrate
    		Inducer 99.88%
    Zoledronic acid monohydrate (Zoledronate monohydrate) is a third-generation bisphosphonate (BP), with potent anti-resorptive activity. Zoledronic acid monohydrate inhibits the differentiation and apoptosis of osteoclasts. Zoledronic acid monohydrate also has anti-cancer effects.
    Zoledronic acid monohydrate
  • HY-N0421
    Cinobufagin
    		Inducer 99.8%
    Cinobufagin is an anticancer agent that can be secreted by the Asiatic toad Bufo gargarizans. Cinobufagin induces the cell cycle arrests in the G1 phase or G2/M phase, leading to apoptosis in cancer cells. Cinobufagin inhibits tumor growth in melanoma and glioblastoma multiforme xenograft mouse models.
    Cinobufagin
  • HY-15425A
    PF-543 Citrate
    		Inducer 99.47%
    PF-543 Citrate (Sphingosine Kinase 1 Inhibitor II Citrate) is a potent, selective, reversible and sphingosine-competitive SPHK1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 2 nM and a Ki of 3.6 nM. PF-543 Citrate is >100-fold selectivity for SPHK1 over SPHK2. PF-543 Citrate is an effective potent inhibitor of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) formation in whole blood with an IC50 of 26.7 nM. PF-543 Citrate induces apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy.
    PF-543 Citrate
  • HY-15719
    NU 7026
    		Inducer 99.97%
    NU 7026 (LY293646) is a novel specific DNA-PK inhibitor with IC50 of 0.23 μM, also inhibits PI3K with IC50 of 13 μM.
    NU 7026
  • HY-14598
    Diethylstilbestrol
    		Inducer 99.62%
    Diethylstilbestrol is a non-steroidal female hormone that has oral activity and can act on menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. Diethylstilbestrol can induce DNA oxidation and Apoptosis of spermatogonial stem cells. Diethylstilbestrol can induce thymocyte Autophagy Diethylstilbestrol is a 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (HSD11B2) inhibitor..
    Diethylstilbestrol
  • HY-N0361
    Dihydrocapsaicin
    		Inhibitor 99.93%
    Dihydrocapsaicin, a capsaicin, is a potent and selective TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid channel 1) agonist. Dihydrocapsaicin reduces AIF, Bax, and Caspase-3 expressions, and increased Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and p-Akt levels. Dihydrocapsaicin enhances the hypothermia-induced neuroprotection following ischemic stroke via PI3K/Akt regulation in rat.
    Dihydrocapsaicin
  • HY-N0375
    18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid
    		Inducer 99.87%
    18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid, a diet-derived compound, is an inhibitor of NF-kB and an activator of proteasome, which serves as pro-longevity and anti-aggregation factor in a multicellular organism. 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid induces apoptosis.
    18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid
  • HY-W250111
    Carboxymethyl chitosan
    		Inhibitor
    Carboxymethyl chitosan is a derivative of chitosan. Carboxymethyl chitosan inhibits Apoptosis and ROS. Carboxymethyl chitosan increases the expression of Bcl-2 and reduces the expression of Bax, cytochrome c and caspase-3. Carboxymethyl chitosan inhibits the migration of various cells. Carboxymethyl chitosan exerts antitumor effects on Lewis tumors and hepatocarcinoma.
    Carboxymethyl chitosan
  • HY-124584
    Minnelide
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Minnelide is a prodrug of triptolide that shows potent antitumor activity in a number of tumor types, particularly in pancreatic cancer. Minnelide promotes apoptosis.
    Minnelide
  • HY-14291
    Vildagliptin
    		Inhibitor 99.93%
    Vildagliptin (LAF237) is a potent, stable, selective dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor with an IC50 of 3.5 nM in human Caco-2 cells. Vildagliptin possesses excellent oral bioavailability and potent antihyperglycemic activity.
    Vildagliptin
  • HY-14151
    Prucalopride
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Prucalopride is an orally active, selective and specific 5-HT 4 receptor agonist (high affinity), with pKis of 8.6 and 8.1 for human 5-HT4a/4b receptors, respectively. Prucalopride improves intestinal motility by promoting regeneration of the intestinal nervous system in rats. Prucalopride also shows anticancer activity by blocking of the PI3K/AKT/mTor signaling pathway. Prucalopride can be used in studies of chronic constipation, pseudo-intestinal obstruction and cancer.
    Prucalopride
  • HY-107430
    Oxythiamine
    		Inducer 98.17%
    Oxythiamine (Hydroxythiamin), an analogue of anti-metabolite, can suppress the non-oxidative synthesis of ribose and induce cell apoptosis. Oxythiamine is a thiamine antagonist and inhibits transketolase (TK). Oxythiamine inhibits cancer cell apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation.
    Oxythiamine
  • HY-106591A
    4-Vinylcyclohexene dioxide
    		Inducer 98.57%
    4-Vinylcyclohexene dioxide (4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide) is an orally active metabolite of 4-vinylcyclohexene. 4-Vinylcyclohexene dioxide induces Apoptosis, increases intracellular ROS, and activates the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. 4-Vinylcyclohexene dioxide selectively damages small ovarian follicles, inhibits granulosa cell function, and disrupts the male reproductive system. 4-Vinylcyclohexene dioxide can be used in the study of premature ovarian insufficiency, reproductive toxicity, and related fertility disorders.
    4-Vinylcyclohexene dioxide
  • HY-Y1325I
    Sodium acetate trihydrate, 99.5%
    		Inducer 99.99%
    Sodium acetate trihydrate, 99.5% is a short-chain fatty acid salt with multiple biological activities. Sodium acetate trihydrate, 99.5% serves as a direct precursor of acetyl-CoA, and it extensively affects gene expression by promoting histone acetylation. Sodium acetate trihydrate, 99.5% can activate the p38 MAPK pathway to induce cancer cell apoptosis. Sodium acetate trihydrate, 99.5% can activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to stimulate the proliferation and migration of cecal epithelial cells, thereby improving intestinal health. Sodium acetate trihydrate, 99.5% alleviates lead accumulation and oxidative damage by upregulating the testosterone-dependent eNOS/NO/cGMP signaling pathway, as well as activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and its downstream antioxidant enzymes.
    Sodium acetate trihydrate, 99.5%
  • HY-B0527
    Amitriptyline
    		Inhibitor 99.94%
    Amitriptyline is an orally active tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). Amitriptyline mainly exerts its antidepressant effect by blocking SERT (Ki = 3.45 nM) and NET (Ki = 13.3 nM), thereby increasing the concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) in the synaptic cleft. Amitriptyline is also an agonist at α2A and TrkA/TrkB receptors, thereby exerting analgesic and neurotrophic activities (inhibiting cell apoptosis). Amitriptyline can reduce inflammation, angiogenesis and fibrosis. Amitriptyline binds to DAT (with Ki = 2.58 μM). Amitriptyline has high affinity for a series of receptors and can antagonize muscarinic cholinergic receptors (M1/M2/M3/M4/M5 receptors) (Ki = 11-24 nM), H1 receptors (Ki = 0.5-1.1 nM), adrenergic α1 receptors (Ki = 4.4 nM), etc., resulting in a series of side effects. Amitriptyline can block sodium channels and hERG potassium channel (IC50 = 4.78 μM) and it has cardiotoxicity.
    Amitriptyline
  • HY-13746B
    Sardomozide dihydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.73%
    Sardomozide dihydrochloride is an S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) inhibitor with an IC50 of 5 nM.
    Sardomozide dihydrochloride
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity