2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-151914
    Antitumor agent-82
    		Inducer
    Antitumor agent-82 (compound 6g) is a potent anti-tumor agent. Antitumor agent-82 shows anti-proliferative activity. Antitumor agent-82 induces cell Autophagy by the ATG5/ATG7 signaling pathway.
    Antitumor agent-82
  • HY-179531
    DHODH-IN-33
    		Inducer
    DHODH-IN-33 is a selective dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor with potent activity against A549 (IC50 = 5.22 μM) and 5637 (IC50 = 3.03 μM). DHODH-IN-33 induces autophagy-dependent ferroptosis (mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid peroxidation, and ROS accumulation) with no notable toxicity in vivo. DHODH-IN-33 exerts anti-cancer effect by promoting the autophagy-dependent degradation of DHODH. DHODH-IN-33 can be used for non-small cell lung cancer and bladder cancer.
    DHODH-IN-33
  • HY-B0144AS3
    Pitavastatin-d4-1 sodium
    		99.22%
    Pitavastatin-d4-1 (NK-104-d4-1) sodium is the deuterium labeled Pitavastatin sodium (HY-B0144B). Pitavastatin (NK-104) is a potent hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor. Pitavastatin inhibits cholesterol synthesis from acetic acid with an IC50 of 5.8 nM in HepG2 cells. Pitavastatin is an efficient hepatocyte low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) receptor inducer. Pitavastatin also possesses anti-atherosclerotic, anti-asthmatic, anti-osteoarthritis, antineoplastic, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective and reno-protective effects.
    Pitavastatin-d<sub>4</sub>-1 sodium
  • HY-P0215A
    Autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide, myristoylated TFA
    Autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide, myristoylated TFA is the myristoylated Autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide. Autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide is a highly specific and potent inhibitor of CaMKII with an IC50 of 40 nM.
    Autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide, myristoylated TFA
  • HY-168477
    HDAC1-IN-8
    		Inducer
    HDAC1-IN-8 (compound 5c) is a potent and selective HDAC1 inhibitor with IC50 values of 11.94, 22.95, >500 µM for HDAC1, HDAC6, HDAC8, respectively. HDAC1-IN-8 shows antiproliferative activity. HDAC1-IN-8 induces cell cycle arrest at G1 and G2/M. HDAC1-IN-8 induces autophagy. HDAC1-IN-8 shows anticancer activity and has the potential for the research of lung cancer.
    HDAC1-IN-8
  • HY-162944
    NA-Ir
    NA-Ir is a Ferroptosis inducer. NA-Ir targets mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and activates the cGAS-STING pathway to induce ferritinophagy (Autophagy), while also generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) through photodynamic therapy (PDT), depleting glutathione (GSH), and downregulating glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), thereby triggering lipid peroxidation and Ferroptosis. NA-Ir exhibits higher anticancer activity under light exposure and selectively inhibits cancer cells with high H2S levels.
    NA-Ir
  • HY-179387
    CXCR2-IN-3
    		Inducer
    CXCR2-IN-3 is a CXCR2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 11.37 μM. CXCR2-IN-3 mediates CXCR2-Ca2+ signalling inhibition halted autophagic flux, subsequently facilitating ROS-mediated apoptotic cell death. CXCR2-IN-3 suppresses the CXCR2-NLRP3 canonical pathway, suppressing pre-tumorigenic markers. CXCR2-IN-3 causes autophagy-dependent cell death in polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs). CXCR2-IN-3 can be used for the research of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).
    CXCR2-IN-3
  • HY-W777154
    Zoledronic acid-15N2,13C2
    Zoledronic acid-15N2,13C2 (CGP 42446-15N2,13C2) is the 13C- and 15N-labeled Zoledronic Acid (HY-13777). Zoledronic Acid (Zoledronate) is a third-generation bisphosphonate (BP), with potent anti-resorptive activity. Zoledronic Acid inhibits the differentiation and apoptosis of osteoclasts. Zoledronic Acid also has anti-cancer effects.
    Zoledronic acid-<sup>15</sup>N<sub>2</sub>,<sup>13</sup>C<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-161210
    Thalidomide-azetidine-C-PIP-C-boc
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-azetidine-C-PIP-C-boc is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. Thalidomide-azetidine-C-PIP-C-boc can serve as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-azetidine-C-PIP-C-boc
  • HY-B0495S4
    Lamotrigine-13C3
    		Inducer
    Lamotrigine-13C3 is the 13C-labeled Lamotrigine. Lamotrigine (BW430C) is a potent and orally active anticonvulsant or antiepileptic agent. Lamotrigine selectively blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels, stabilizing presynaptic neuronal membranes and inhibiting glutamate release. Lamotrigine can be used for the research of epilepsy, focal seizure, et al.
    Lamotrigine-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-B0261S1
    Meloxicam-d3-1
    		Inducer 98.0%
    Meloxicam-d3-1 is the deuterium labeled Meloxicam. Meloxicam is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent, inhibits COX activity, with IC50s of 0.49 µM and 36.6 µM for COX-2 and COX-1, respectively.
    Meloxicam-d<sub>3</sub>-1
  • HY-13062AS
    Daunorubicin-13C,d3 TFA
    		Inducer
    Daunorubicin-13C,d3 TFA (Daunomycin-13C,d3 TFA) is the deuterium and 13C-labeled Daunorubicin TFA. Daunorubicin (Daunomycin) is a topoisomerase II inhibitor with potent anti-tumor activity. Daunorubicin inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis. Daunorubicin is a cytotoxin that inhibits cancer cell viability and induces apoptosis and necrosis. Daunorubicin is also an anthracycline antibiotic. Daunorubicin can be used in the research of infection and variety of cancers, including leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphomas, Ewing's sarcoma, Wilms' tumor.
    Daunorubicin-<sup>13</sup>C,d<sub>3</sub> TFA
  • HY-17355AR
    Dexpramipexole dihydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Dexpramipexole ((R)-Pramipexole) dihydrochloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dexpramipexole (dihydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dexpramipexole dihydrochloride is an orally active, blood-brain barrier permeable mitochondrial protective agent. Dexpramipexole dihydrochloride upregulates the expression of Parkin, PINK1, GPX4 and FSP1; binds to mitochondrial F1/Fo-ATP synthase; blocks the Nav1.8 sodium channel; and inhibits the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Dexpramipexole dihydrochloride induces mitophagy, inhibits ferroptosis, pyroptosis, apoptosis, neuroinflammation and eosinophilopoiesis; maintains mitochondrial function and redox homeostasis; reduces reactive oxygen species production; and decreases myocardial infarct size. Dexpramipexole dihydrochloride is applicable to studies on eosinophilic asthma, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, sepsis-associated encephalopathy, analgesia, and more.
    Dexpramipexole dihydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-N3980R
    Guaiol (Standard)
    Guaiol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Guaiol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Guaiol is a sesquiterpenoid alcohol with oral activity found in various traditional Chinese medicines, exhibiting biological activities such as anti-proliferative, autophagy-promoting, insecticidal, anti-anxiety, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and blood pressure-lowering effects. Guaiol induces apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells by regulating the stability of RAD51 through autophagy modulation. Guaiol can also act directly on parasites, inhibiting their growth by affecting the kinetoplast, mitochondrial matrix and plasma membrane of the promastigotes. Guaiol kills amastigotes at an IC50 of 0.01 µg/mL. Guaiol can be used in research related to cancer, infections, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammatory conditions[4]
    Guaiol (Standard)
  • HY-10996
    KHS101
    		Inducer
    KHS101 is a blood-brain barrier-penetrant anticancer agent that primarily functions by inhibiting HSPD1 (IC50 = 14.4 μM) and TACC3 across different cellular backgrounds. KHS101 promotes the aggregation of HSPD1 with client proteins, destabilizes TACC3, and reduces the levels of TACC3, Aurora A and PLK1. KHS101 induces autophagy, apoptosis, cell cycle exit and neuronal differentiation; it suppresses cancer cell growth, motility, EMT and stemness; it also impairs mitochondrial bioenergetics and glycolysis in glioblastoma cells. KHS101 can be used in research related to glioblastoma multiforme and breast cancer.
    KHS101
  • HY-N0678R
    Icaritin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Icaritin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Icaritin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Icaritin (Anhydroicaritin) is a prenylflavonoid derivative from Epimedium brevicornuMaxim. and potently inhibits proliferation of K562 cells (IC50 of 8 μM) and primary CML cells (IC50 of 13.4 μM for CML-CP and 18 μM for CML-BC). Icaritin can regulate MAPK/ERK/JNK and JAK2/STAT3 /AKT signalings, also enhances osteogenesis[3.
    Icaritin (Standard)
  • HY-175204
    SHP2 protein degrader-3
    		Activator
    SHP2 protein degrader-3 is a SHP2 AUTAC degrader. SHP2 protein degrader-3 shows dose-dependent SHP2 degradation ability (DC50 = 3.22 μM) and anti-tumor activity (IC50 = 5.59 μM) in HeLa cells. SHP2 protein degrader-3 induces degradation through the LC3-mediated autophagy pathway, which can be inhibited by lysosome inhibitors. SHP2 protein degrader-3 induces apoptosis in various cancer cells (HeLa cells, HepG2 cells, LoVo cells, Huh-7 cells) (SHP2 Ligand : (HY-100388); LC3 Ligand: (HY-10542); Linker : (HY-128834)).
    SHP2 protein degrader-3
  • HY-161193
    Thalidomide-piperazine-(R)-C-pyrrolidine-C-boc
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-piperazine-(R)-C-pyrrolidine-C-boc is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. Thalidomide-piperazine-(R)-C-pyrrolidine-C-boc can serve as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-piperazine-(R)-C-pyrrolidine-C-boc
  • HY-100489S
    TBHQ-d12
    TBHQ-d12 (tert-Butylhydroquinone-d12) is the deuterium labeled TBHQ (HY-100489). TBHQ (tert-Butylhydroquinone) is a widely used Nrf2 activator, protects against Doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity through activation of Nrf2. TBHQ (tert-Butylhydroquinone) is also an ERK activator; rescues Dehydrocorydaline (DHC)-induced cell proliferation inhibitionin melanoma[2].
    TBHQ-d<sub>12</sub>
  • HY-N6872R
    Actein (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Actein (Standard) is the analytical standard of Actein. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Actein, a triterpene glycoside, shows an inhibitory effect on cancer cells, which is isolated from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga foetida. Actein suppresses cell proliferation, induces autophagy and apoptosis through promoting ROS/JNK activation, and blunting AKT pathway in bladder cancer. Actein has little toxicity in vivo.
    Actein (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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