2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

Related Products

PDF 8.06 MB

Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B0483R
    Tioxolone (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Tioxolone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tioxolone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tioxolone is an inhibitor for the carbonic anhydrase. Tioxolone exhibits anti-leishmanial, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities. Tioxolone can be used in research of acne and psoriasis.
    Tioxolone (Standard)
  • HY-183732
    ATG5 PPI-IN-2
    		Inhibitor
    ATG5 PPI-IN-2 is a selective inhibitor of ATG5-TECAIR protein-protein interaction, with a IC50 of 19.16 μM. ATG5 PPI-IN-2 also acts as an Autophagy inhibitor.
    ATG5 PPI-IN-2
  • HY-183736
    Autophagy-IN-12
    		Inhibitor
    Autophagy-IN-12 is a Autophagy inhibitor. Autophagy-IN-12 exhibits an IC50 value of >33 μM against the protein-protein interactions of ATG5-ATG16L1 and ATG5-TECAIR.
    Autophagy-IN-12
  • HY-13749D
    (Rac)-Sitagliptin
    		Inhibitor
    (Rac)-Sitagliptin is an isoform of Sitagliptin (HY-13749), which is a potent and orally active inhibitor of DPP4 with an IC50 of 19 nM in Caco-2 cell extracts.
    (Rac)-Sitagliptin
  • HY-101985R
    BV02 (Standard)
    		Activator
    BV02 (Standard) is the analytical standard of BV02 (HY-101985). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. BV02 is a 14-3-3 inhibitor and an antibacterial agent. BV02 enhances the cleavage of PARP and caspase-3. BV02 induces Apoptosis, Autophagy, and enhances Akt activation. BV02 has anti-B. melitensis infection and epilepsy-promoting effects. BV02 can also be used in colitis research.
    BV02 (Standard)
  • HY-10344R
    AZD 6482 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    AZD 6482 (Standard) is the analytical standard of AZD 6482 (HY-10344). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. AZD 6482 (KIN-193) is a potent and selective p110β inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.69 nM.
    AZD 6482 (Standard)
  • HY-111523
    Isomahanine
    		Inducer
    Isomahanine, carbazole alkaloid, is an antioxidative agent. Isomahanine has DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 24 μM.
    Isomahanine
  • HY-100490R
    Rilmenidine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Rilmenidine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rilmenidine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rilmenidine, an innovative antihypertensive agent, is an orally active, selective I1 imidazoline receptor agonist. Rilmenidine is an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist. Rilmenidine induces autophagy. Rilmenidine acts both centrally by reducing sympathetic overactivity and in the kidney by inhibiting the Na+/H+ antiport. Rilmenidine modulates proliferation and stimulates the proapoptotic protein Bax thus inducing the perturbation of the mitochondrial pathway and apoptosis in human leukemic K562 cells.
    Rilmenidine (Standard)
  • HY-12164R
    Mocetinostat (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Mocetinostat (Standard) is the analytical standard of Mocetinostat. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Mocetinostat (MGCD0103) is a potent, orally active and isotype-selective HDAC (Class I/IV) inhibitor with IC50s of 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 μM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11, respectively. Mocetinostat shows no inhibition on HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC6, HDAC7, or HDAC8.
    Mocetinostat (Standard)
  • HY-B0957R
    Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections, has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin. Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate has antiviral activity against HIV-1.
    Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate (Standard)
  • HY-139227
    Thalidomide 4'-oxyacetamide-C1-PEG3-C3-amine hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide 4'-oxyacetamide-C1-PEG3-C3-amine hydrochloride is a functionalized cereblon ligand for PROTAC research and development with terminal amine ready for conjugation to a target protein ligand.
    Thalidomide 4'-oxyacetamide-C1-PEG3-C3-amine hydrochloride
  • HY-10182AR
    Laduviglusib monohydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Laduviglusib (monohydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Laduviglusib (monohydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Laduviglusib (CHIR-99021) monohydrochloride is a potent and selective GSK-3α/β inhibitor with IC50s of 10 nM and 6.7 nM. Laduviglusib monohydrochloride shows >500-fold selectivity for GSK-3 over CDC2, ERK2 and other protein kinases. Laduviglusib monohydrochloride is also a potent Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activator. Laduviglusib monohydrochloride enhances mouse and human embryonic stem cells self-renewal. Laduviglusib monohydrochloride induces autophagy.
    Laduviglusib monohydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-N1362R
    Salvianolic acid B (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Salvianolic acid B (Standard) is the analytical standard of Salvianolic acid B. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Salvianolic acid B is an active ingredient of Salvia miltiorrhiza, which has been widely applied in China for the management of various microcirculation-related disorders, such as cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and diabetic vascular complication.
    Salvianolic acid B (Standard)
  • HY-117985S
    Evogliptin-d9
    		Inducer
    Evogliptin-d9 (DA-1229-d9) is deuterium labeled Evogliptin. Evogliptin (DA-1229) is an orally active DPP4 inhibitor with significant and sustained hypoglycaemic effects in mouse models. Evogliptin also inhibits the production of inflammatory and fibrotic signals in hepatocytes by inducing autophagy. Evogliptin can be used in studies of type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, renal impairment and chronic liver inflammation.
    Evogliptin-d<sub>9</sub>
  • HY-10971R
    Alisertib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Alisertib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Alisertib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Alisertib (MLN 8237) is an orally active and selective Aurora A kinase inhibitor (IC50=1.2 nM), which binds to Aurora A kinase resulting in mitotic spindle abnormalities, mitotic accumulation. Alisertib (MLN 8237) induces apoptosis and autophagy through targeting the AKT/mTOR/AMPK/p38 pathway in leukemic cells. Antitumor activity.
    Alisertib (Standard)
  • HY-13017R
    Ivacaftor (Standard)
    Ivacaftor (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ivacaftor. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ivacaftor (VX-770) is a potent and orally bioavailable CFTR potentiator, targeting G551D-CFTR and F508del-CFTR with EC50s of 100 nM and 25 nM, respectively.
    Ivacaftor (Standard)
  • HY-15127S
    Isotretinoin-d5
    Isotretinoin-d5 is the deuterium labeled Isotretinoin. Isotretinoin is an orally active vitamin A derivative and is often be used for the research of severe acne. Isotretinoin also shows anticancer activity.
    Isotretinoin-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-N0484R
    Liensinine (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Liensinine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Liensinine (HY-N0484). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Liensinine is a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid. By inhibiting the PI3K/AKT and JNK/p38-MAPK signaling pathways, Liensinine suppresses autophagy and apoptosis, clears Aβ, and exerts anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. Liensinine activates AMPK and inhibits the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF, thereby suppressing angiogenesis. Liensinine exerts anti-tumor effects through ROS-mediated inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Liensinine can be used for the research of diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, osteosarcoma, sepsis-induced organ injury and stroke.
    Liensinine (Standard)
  • HY-13715S
    (Rac)-Norepinephrine-d3 formate
    		Inducer
    (Rac)-Norepinephrine-d3 (formate) is deuterium labeled Norepinephrine. Norepinephrine (Levarterenol; L-Noradrenaline) is a potent adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist. Norepinephrine activates α1, α2, β1 receptors.
    (Rac)-Norepinephrine-d<sub>3</sub> formate
  • HY-B0495S8
    Lamotrigine-13C7,15N
    		Inducer
    Lamotrigine-13C7,15N (LTG-13C7,15N) is 13C and 15N labeled Lamotrigine. Lamotrigine (BW430C) is a potent and orally active anticonvulsant or antiepileptic agent. Lamotrigine selectively blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels, stabilizing presynaptic neuronal membranes and inhibiting glutamate release. Lamotrigine can be used for the research of epilepsy,?focal seizure, et al.
    Lamotrigine-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>7</sub>,<sup>15</sup>N
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
All Rights Reserved.
Download Autophagy Signaling Pathway Map.