2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-155033
    SSI-4
    		Inducer 99.99%
    SSI-4 is an orally active stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) inhibitor with an EC50 of 1.9 nM against mouse SCD1. SSI-4 blocks the conversion of saturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids, reducing the production of oleic acid and palmitoleic acid. SSI-4 induces lipid peroxidation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, DNA damage and activates apoptotic mechanisms. SSI-4 inhibits mTORC1 activity, suppresses B cell proliferation and antibody production, and induces autophagy. SSI-4 is applicable to research on cancers such as acute myeloid leukemia and renal cell carcinoma, as well as influenza infections.
    SSI-4
  • HY-135231
    NL-1
    		Inducer 99.45%
    NL-1 is a mitoNEET inhibitor with antileukemic effect. NL-1 inhibits REH and REH/Ara-C cells growth with IC50s of 47.35 μM and 56.26 μM, respectively. NL-1-mediated death in leukemic cells requires the activation of the autophagic pathway.
    NL-1
  • HY-17386A
    Rosiglitazone hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.81%
    Rosiglitazone (BRL 49653) hydrochloride is an orally active selective PPARγ agonist (EC50: 60 nM, Kd: 40 nM). Rosiglitazone hydrochloride is a TRPC5 activator (EC50: 30 μM) and TRPM3 inhibitor. Rosiglitazone hydrochloride can be used in the research of obesity and diabetes, senescence, ovarian cancer.
    Rosiglitazone hydrochloride
  • HY-17381A
    Idarubicin
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Idarubicin is an orally active and potent anthracycline antileukemic agent. Idarubicin inhibits the topoisomerase II interfering with the replication of DNA and RNA transcription. Idarubicin shows induction of DNA damage. Idarubicin inhibits DNA synthesis and of c-myc expression. Idarubicin inhibits the growth of bacteria and yeasts.
    Idarubicin
  • HY-12839
    p38 MAPK-IN-1
    		99.71%
    p38 MAPK-IN-1 (Compound 4) is a novel potent and selective inhibitor of p38 MAPK with IC50 of 68 nM. p38 MAPK-IN-1 shows sustained levels, low clearance and good bioavailability.
    p38 MAPK-IN-1
  • HY-N0213
    Peiminine
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Peiminine is a compound that can be isolated from Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maxim) Franquet (Cucurbitaceae family). Peiminine can induce apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells through both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Peiminine has anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-osteoporosis, cardioprotective and other activities in many animal models.
    Peiminine
  • HY-41547
    Thalidomide 4-fluoride
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Thalidomide 4-fluoride (Cereblon ligand 4) is the Thalidomide-based Cereblon ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein. Thalidomide 4-fluoride (Cereblon ligand 4) can be connected to the ligand for IRAK4 protein by a linker to form PROTAC IRAK4 degrader-1 (HY-129966).
    Thalidomide 4-fluoride
  • HY-14648R
    Dexamethasone (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Dexamethasone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dexamethasone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Dexamethasone also significantly decreases CD11b, CD18, and CD62L expression on neutrophils, and CD11b and CD18 expression on monocytes. Dexamethasone is highly effective in the control of COVID-19 infection. Dexamethasone inhibits production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses.
    Dexamethasone (Standard)
  • HY-N0410
    Daucosterol
    		Inducer
    Daucosterol is an orally active natural sterol compound, which has anti-inflammatory, anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. Daucosterol inhibits cancer cell proliferation by inducing autophagy through ROS-dependent manner. Daucosterol also inhibits colon cancer growth by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell migration and invasion and targeting caspase signalling pathway.
    Daucosterol
  • HY-10331A
    Regorafenib monohydrate
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Regorafenib (BAY 73-4506) monohydrate is an orally active and potent multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, with IC50 values of 13/4.2/46, 22, 7, 1.5 and 2.5 nM for VEGFR1/2/3, PDGFRβ, Kit, RET and Raf-1, respectively. Regorafenib monohydrate shows very robust antitumor and antiangiogenic activity.
    Regorafenib monohydrate
  • HY-18299A
    Purvalanol A
    		Inducer 98.61%
    Purvalanol A is a potent CDK inhibitor, which inhibits cdc2-cyclin B, cdk2-cyclin A, cdk2-cyclin E, cdk4-cyclin D1, and cdk5-p35 with IC50s of 4, 70, 35, 850, 75 nM, resepctively.
    Purvalanol A
  • HY-10248
    RAF265
    		Inducer 99.80%
    RAF265 is a potent and orally active RAF/VEGFR2 inhibitor.
    RAF265
  • HY-12406
    VLX600
    		Inducer 99.80%
    VLX600 is an iron-chelating inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). VLX600 causes mitochondrial dysfunction and induces a strong shift to glycolysis. VLX600 displays selective cytotoxic activity against malignant cell and induces autophagy. Anticancer activity.
    VLX600
  • HY-138779
    ICCB-19 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.25%
    ICCB-19 hydrochloride is a TRADD (TNFRSF1A associated via death domain) inhibitor. ICCB-19 hydrochloride binds with N-terminal domain of TRADD (TRADD-N), disrupting its binding to both TRADD-C and TRAF2. ICCB-19 hydrochloride is indirect inhibitor of RIPK1 kinase activity. ICCB-19 hydrochloride effectively induces autophagy and the degradation of long-lived proteins.
    ICCB-19 hydrochloride
  • HY-17507A
    Pantoprazole sodium
    		Inhibitor 99.84%
    Pantoprazole sodium (BY10232 sodium) is an orally active and potent proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Pantoprazole sodium, a substituted benzimidazole, is a potent H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor with an IC50 of 6.8 μM. Pantoprazole sodium improves pH stability and has anti-secretory, anti-ulcer activities. Pantoprazole sodium significantly increased tumor growth delay combined with Doxorubicin (HY-15142).
    Pantoprazole sodium
  • HY-15311
    Avermectin B1
    		Inducer 99.48%
    Avermectin B1 (Abamectin) is a mixture of two similar segments of avermectin. Avermectin B1 is an orally anti-infection agent, which can be used in the research of parasitic worms, insect pests, agriculture and animal husbandry. Avermectin B1 can also induce the production of ROS and induces cytotoxicity, apoptosis and autophagy.
    Avermectin B1
  • HY-N0535
    (+)-Magnoflorine chloride
    		Inducer 99.29%
    (+)-Magnoflorine (α-Magnoflorine) chloride is an orally active aporphine alkaloid with multiple biological activities. (+)-Magnoflorine chloride promotes Parkin/PINK1-mediated mitochondrial autophagy, inhibits the activation of NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway, regulates the intestinal microbiota, and exhibits significant anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. (+)-Magnoflorine chloride inhibits JNK and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways, activates Sirt1/AMPK pathway, alleviates neuronal oxidative stress and apoptosis. Magnoflorine chloride upregulates miR-410-3p, inhibits HMGB1/NF-κB pathway, and has anti-tumor activity. (+)-Magnoflorine chloride also has significant antifungal activity.
    (+)-Magnoflorine chloride
  • HY-B1039A
    Ambroxol hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Ambroxol hydrochloride (NA-872 hydrochloride), an active metabolite of the proagent Bromhexine, has potent expectorant effects. Ambroxol hydrochloride is a glucocerebrosidase (GCase) chaperone and increases glucocerebrosidase activity. Ambroxol hydrochloride induces lung autophagy and has the potential for Parkinson disease and neuronopathic Gaucher disease research.
    Ambroxol hydrochloride
  • HY-N0148A
    Rutin hydrate
    		Inducer 98.99%
    Rutin (Rutoside) hydrate is a flavonoid found in many plants and shows a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective and reducing Aβ oligomer activities. Rutin hydrate can cross the blood brain barrier. Rutin hydrate attenuates vancomycin-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis via suppression of apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress.
    Rutin hydrate
  • HY-N1462
    Atractyloside potassium salt
    		Activator 99.93%
    Atractyloside potassium salt is a powerful and specific inhibitor of mitochondrial ADP/ATP transport. Atractyloside potassium salt inhibits chloride channels from mitochondrial membranes of rat heart. Atractyloside potassium salt activates autophagy, inhibits ANT2, mTOR and promotes the activation of p-AMPK. Atractyloside potassium salt has anti-cancer effects on non-small cell lung cancer and can inhibit liver steatosis. Atractylodesin potassium salt has nephrotoxicity.
    Atractyloside potassium salt
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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