Cucurbitaceae

Tubeimoside I is an orally active HSPD1 inhibitor. Tubeimoside I inhibits NF-κB, MAPK, as well as regulates eNOS-VEGF. Tubeimoside I induces cytoprotective Autophagy via an Akt-mediated pathway. Tubeimoside I inhibits proinflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and IL-1β) production. Tubeimoside I exhibits anti-inflammatory activities. Tubeimoside I promotes angiogenesis and improves sepsis symptoms. Tubeimoside I is used in the research of inflammatory diseases, various cancers, sepsis and ischemic diseases.

Cucurbitacin B belongs to a class of highly oxidized tetracyclic triterpenoids and is oral active. Cucurbitacin B inhibits tumor cell growth, migration and invasion and cycle arrest, but induces cell apoptosis. Cucurbitacin B has potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective activity.

Cucurbitacin I is a natural selective inhibitor of JAK2/STAT3, with potent anti-cancer activity.

Mogroside V is a the major active constituent of a traditional Chinese medicine Siraitiae Fructus. Mogroside V reduces the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and enhances mitochondrial function. Mogroside V has anti-oxidative, anti-diabetic and anti-carcinogenic effects. Mogroside V can be used for diabetic diseases research.

2,5-Furandimethanol (2,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)furan) is a building block for the enzymatic synthesis of bio-based polyesters. 2,5-Furandimethanol is also a metabolite of Phellinus linteus. 2,5-Furandimethanol affects leukemia. 2,5-Furandimethanol can be used in fungal infection research.

Schottenol is a natural steroid.

Wax gourd seed extract (Benincasia cerifera seed extract) is an extract of the seeds of winter melon (Benincasa hispida) that has anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular protective, and hepatoprotective effects, and can be used in breast cancer research.

7β-Hydroxykaurenolide is a kaurenolide and by-product of Gibberellin biosynthesis, can be found in Gibberella fujikuroi cultures. 7β-Hydroxykaurenolide is a drug intermediate.

Cucurbitacin E is a CDK1 inhibitor that significantly inhibits the activity of the cyclin B1/CDC2 complex. Cucurbitacin E also induces PANoptosis in adrenocortical carcinoma cells in a ZBP1-dependent manner. Cucurbitacin E exhibits synergistic effects with Mitotane (HY-13690); when used in combination, they effectively eliminate tumors.

Gypenoside L is a saponin that can be found in Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Gypenoside L increases the SA-β-galactosidase activity, promotes the production of senescence-associated secretory cytokines. Gypenoside L also can activate p38 and ERK MAPK pathways and NF-κB pathway to induce senescence. Gypenoside L exhibits anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities.

Gypenoside XLIX is a multifunctional bioactive compound that can be isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum, with a K_a value of 1.58 μM for its binding to SIRT1. Gypenoside XLIX acts as a PPAR-α agonist. It inhibits the activation of TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway by activating the Sirt1/Nrf2 signaling pathway, reduces ROS accumulation, and alleviates hepatic inflammatory injury in mice with sepsis-induced liver disease. Gypenoside XLIX targets SIRT1 to block YAP-NLRP3 activation and improve sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy. Gypenoside XLIX inhibits apoptosis (Apoptosis), pyroptosis (Pyroptosis), autophagy (Autophagy), lipid peroxidation, pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Gypenoside XLIX alleviates sepsis-induced splenic injury by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress, and mitigates sepsis-associated encephalopathy by targeting PPAR-α. Gypenoside XLIX prevents acute kidney injury by inhibiting IGFBP7/IGF1R-mediated programmed cell death and inflammation. Gypenoside XLIX inhibits the expression and activity of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in cytokine-induced human endothelial cells. Gypenoside XLIX is applicable to research related to acute liver injury, lung injury, cardiomyopathy, acute splenic injury, sepsis-associated encephalopathy, acute kidney injury, atherosclerosis and chronic inflammation.

Mogrol is a biometabolite of mogrosides, and acts via inhibition of the ERK1/2 and STAT3 pathways, or reducing CREB activation and activating AMPK signaling.

Gypenoside XVII, a novel phytoestrogen belonging to the gypenosides, can activate estrogen receptors.

Cucurbitacin D is the active ingredient in Trichosanthes kirilowii and can disrupt the interaction between Hsp90 and two co-chaperones, Cdc37 and p23. Cucurbitacin D is an inflammasome activator. Cucurbitacin D induces cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis, exhibiting anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects.

Gypenoside A is an orally active triterpenoid compound that can be isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Gypenoside A has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Gypenoside A also has a certain protective effect on cardiomyocytes and can inhibit apoptosis. Gypenoside A can be used in the research of cardiovascular diseases and inflammation-related diseases.

Tubeimoside III is a triterpenoid saponin. Tubeimoside III has anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects. Tubeimoside III has an LD₅₀ of 15 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection in ICR mice. Tubeimoside III can be used for the research of tumors and inflammatory diseases.

Bayogenin is a triterpenoid saponin and one of the main components of Medicago sativa saponins. Bayogenin is an inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase.

11-oxo-mogroside V is a natural sweetener that exhibits strong antioxidant activity. It exhibits significant inhibitory effects on reactive oxygen species (O₂^-, H₂O₂ and *OH) with EC₅₀ of 4.79, 16.52, and 146.17 μg/mL, respectively.

Mogroside IV-E is a PUS1 inhibitor that reduces PUS1 expression and inhibits bone metastasis of prostate cancer. Mogroside IV-E can be used in prostate cancer-related research.

Mogroside IV-A, a triterpenoid glycoside isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo, is a nonsugar sweetener. Mogrosides are sweeter than sucrose. Mogrosides exhibit antioxidant, antidiabetic and anticancer activities.