2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

Related Products

PDF 8.06 MB

Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-131717
    Thalidomide-NH-CH2-COOH
    		Inducer 98.07%
    Thalidomide-NH-CH2-COOH is the Thalidomide-based cereblon ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein. Thalidomide-NH-CH2-COOH can be connected to the ligand for protein by a linker to form PROTACs, such as THAL-SNS-032 (HY-123937).
    Thalidomide-NH-CH2-COOH
  • HY-11999
    CGI-1746
    		Inducer 99.39%
    CGI-1746 is a potent and highly selective inhibitor of the Btk with IC50 of 1.9 nM.
    CGI-1746
  • HY-103706
    ROC-325
    		Inhibitor 98.73%
    ROC-325 is a potent and orally active autophagy inhibitor with a strong anticancer activity. ROC-325 induces the deacidification of lysosomes, accumulation of autophagosomes, and disrupted autophagic flux. ROC-325 also induces renal cell carcinoma apoptosis.
    ROC-325
  • HY-15250
    JZL195
    		99.75%
    JZL195 is a selective and efficacious dual fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor with IC50s of 2 and 4 nM, respectively.
    JZL195
  • HY-N1990
    Gypenoside XLIX
    		Inhibitor 99.88%
    Gypenoside XLIX is a multifunctional bioactive compound that can be isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum, with a Ka value of 1.58 μM for its binding to SIRT1. Gypenoside XLIX acts as a PPAR-α agonist. It inhibits the activation of TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway by activating the Sirt1/Nrf2 signaling pathway, reduces ROS accumulation, and alleviates hepatic inflammatory injury in mice with sepsis-induced liver disease. Gypenoside XLIX targets SIRT1 to block YAP-NLRP3 activation and improve sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy. Gypenoside XLIX inhibits apoptosis (Apoptosis), pyroptosis (Pyroptosis), autophagy (Autophagy), lipid peroxidation, pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Gypenoside XLIX alleviates sepsis-induced splenic injury by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress, and mitigates sepsis-associated encephalopathy by targeting PPAR-α. Gypenoside XLIX prevents acute kidney injury by inhibiting IGFBP7/IGF1R-mediated programmed cell death and inflammation. Gypenoside XLIX inhibits the expression and activity of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in cytokine-induced human endothelial cells. Gypenoside XLIX is applicable to research related to acute liver injury, lung injury, cardiomyopathy, acute splenic injury, sepsis-associated encephalopathy, acute kidney injury, atherosclerosis and chronic inflammation.
    Gypenoside XLIX
  • HY-B1839
    Fluazinam
    		Activator 99.36%
    Fluazinam is an orally active dinitroaniline fungicide. Fluazinam induces phosphorylation of JNK, activates p38 pathway, decreases Bcl-2, activates caspase-3, decreases complex I activity, increases Autophagy and Apoptosis. Fluazinam has strong antifungal activity against F. fujikuroi and B. maydis. Fluazinam has a negative impact on Brachydanio rerio and worker bees.
    Fluazinam
  • HY-13538
    Gemcitabine elaidate
    		Inducer 98.90%
    Gemcitabine elaidate (CP-4126) is lipophilic pro-agent of Gemcitabine. Gemcitabine elaidate is converted to Gemcitabine by esterases in order to be phosphorylated. Gemcitabine elaidate exhibits anti-tumor activity.
    Gemcitabine elaidate
  • HY-145816A
    JPS016 TFA
    		Inducer 99.47%
    JPS016 TFA is a class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) PROTAC inhibitor. JPS016 TFA recruits the VHL E3 ligase (Ligands for E3 Ligase) to mediate the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3. JPS016 TFA reduces the viability of colon cancer cells and induces Apoptosis. JPS016 TFA activates the PINK1/Parkin mitochondrial Autophagy pathway, enhances cardiomyocyte viability, alleviates mitochondrial damage, and reduces mitochondrial ROS production in cells. JPS016 TFA is applicable to research related to colon cancer and sepsis cardiomyopathy.
    JPS016 TFA
  • HY-B0228S13
    Adenosine-13C10
    		Inducer 99.63%
    Adenosine-13C10 (Adenine riboside-13C10; D-Adenosine-13C10) is 13C-labeled Adenosine (HY-B0228). Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation.
    Adenosine-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>10</sub>
  • HY-B1417
    Nortriptyline hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.98%
    Nortriptyline (Desmethylamitriptyline) hydrochloride, the main active metabolite of Amitriptyline, is a tricyclic antidepressant. Nortriptyline hydrochloride is a potent autophagy inhibitor and has anticancer effects.
    Nortriptyline hydrochloride
  • HY-N1458
    Isoschaftoside
    		Inducer 99.95%
    Isoschaftoside, a C-glycosylflavonoid from Desmodium uncinatum root exudate, can inhibit the growth of germinated S. hermonthica radicles. Isoschaftoside reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induces proliferation in senescent cells. Isoschaftoside activates autophagy. Isoschaftoside can be used for anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective and nematicidal study.
    Isoschaftoside
  • HY-N6257
    Cafestol
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Cafestol is an orally active diterpenoid and an inhibitor of ERK2. Cafestol has elevated blood lipids, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and anti-diabetic activities. In addition, Cafestol induces tumor cell apoptosis and autophagy, which can be used in the study of cancer.
    Cafestol
  • HY-N2392
    Kukoamine A
    		Inducer 99.88%
    Kukoamine A, a spermine alkaloid, is an orally active and brain-penetrant component found in the root barks of Lycium chinense (L. chinense) Miller. Kukoamine A inhibits purified Crithidia fasciculata trypanothione reductase and soybean lipoxygenase, activates μ-opioid receptor. Kukoamine A can inhibt cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion, cause G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and induce apoptosis. Kukoamine A exerts neuroprotective effect and can induce autophagy . Kukoamine A inhibits LPS (HY-D1056)-induced NO, ROS, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 production and COX-2 activity. Kukoamine A reverses palmitic acid-induced insulin resistance, lipid accumulation, and oxidative stress via downregulation of Srebp-1c. Kukoamine A can be used for the research of cancer, infection, inflammation, metabolic and neurological disease, such as glioblastoma and Parkinson's disease.
    Kukoamine A
  • HY-B0172R
    Lithocholic acid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Lithocholic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lithocholic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lithocholic acid is a toxic secondary bile acid that can promote intrahepatic cholestasis and promote tumorigenesis. Lithocholic acid is also a FXR antagonist and a PXR/SXR agonist.
    Lithocholic acid (Standard)
  • HY-B0239R
    Chloramphenicol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Chloramphenicol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Chloramphenicol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Chloramphenicol is an orally active, potent and broad-spectrum antibiotic. Chloramphenicol shows antibacterial activity. Chloramphenicol represses the oxygen-labile transcription factor and hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) in hypoxic A549 and H1299 cells. Chloramphenicol suppresses the mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and glucose transporter 1, eventually decreasing VEGF release. Chloramphenicol can be used for anaerobic infections and lung cancer research.
    Chloramphenicol (Standard)
  • HY-17386R
    Rosiglitazone (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Rosiglitazone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rosiglitazone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rosiglitazone (BRL 49653) is an orally active selective PPARγ agonist (EC50: 60 nM, Kd: 40 nM). Rosiglitazone is an TRPC5 activator (EC50: 30 μM) and TRPM3 inhibitor. Rosiglitazone can be used in the research of obesity and diabetes, senescence, ovarian cancer.
    Rosiglitazone (Standard)
  • HY-15531R
    Venetoclax (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Venetoclax (Standard) is the analytical standard of Venetoclax. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Venetoclax (ABT-199; GDC-0199) is a highly potent, selective and orally bioavailable Bcl-2 inhibitor with a Ki of less than 0.01 nM. Venetoclax induces autophagy.
    Venetoclax (Standard)
  • HY-14668
    Lomitapide mesylate
    		Activator 99.61%
    Lomitapide (AEGR-733; BMS-201038) mesylate is an orally active microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) inhibitor and a selective mTORC1 inhibitor with lipid-lowering activity and BBB permeability. Lomitapide mesylate significantly reduces plasma LDL levels by blocking the assembly and secretion of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Lomitapide mesylate inhibits mTORC1 in an ATP-dependent manner, thereby inducing AMPK-independent autophagic cell death and suppressing cancer cell growth and apoptosis. Lomitapide mesylate also enhances tumor infiltration of CD8+ T cells. In addition, Lomitapide mesylate inhibits HDAC, improves endothelial function, effectively alleviates vascular inflammation and oxidative stress, and exerts neuroprotective effects in a cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury model. Lomitapide mesylate can be used in research on related diseases such as colorectal cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, ischemic stroke, and familial hypercholesterolemia.
    Lomitapide mesylate
  • HY-13511
    Rupatadine
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Rupatadine (UR-12592) is a potent, orally active and long-lasting dual PAF/H1 antagonist, with Kis of 0.55 μM and 0.1 μM, respectively. Rupatadine can be used for the research of allergic rhinitis and urticaria.
    Rupatadine
  • HY-112698
    CA-5f
    		Inhibitor 99.14%
    CA-5f is a potent late-stage macroautophagy/autophagy inhibitor via inhibiting autophagosome-lysosome fusion. CA-5f increases LC3B-II (a marker to monitor autophagy) and SQSTM1 protein, and also increases ROS production. Anti-tumor activity.
    CA-5f
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
All Rights Reserved.
Download Autophagy Signaling Pathway Map.