2. Signaling Pathways
  3. PI3K/Akt/mTOR
  4. mTOR

mTOR

Mammalian target of Rapamycin

mTOR

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mTOR (mammalian target of Rapamycin) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the mTOR gene. mTOR is a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility, cell survival, protein synthesis, and transcription. mTOR belongs to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase protein family. mTOR integrates the input from upstream pathways, including growth factors and amino acids. mTOR also senses cellular nutrient, oxygen, and energy levels. The mTOR pathway is dysregulated in human diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, depression, and certain cancers. Rapamycin inhibits mTOR by associating with its intracellular receptor FKBP12. The FKBP12-rapamycin complex binds directly to the FKBP12-Rapamycin Binding (FRB) domain of mTOR, inhibiting its activity.

mTOR Isoform Specific Products:

mTOR Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-147966
    HDAC-IN-43
    		Inhibitor
    HDAC-IN-43 is a potent HDAC 1/3/6 inhibitor with IC50 values of 82, 45, and 24 nM, respectively. HDAC-IN-43 is a weak PI3K/mTOR inhibitors with IC50 values of 3.6 and 3.7 μM, respectively. HDAC-IN-43 shows broad anti-proliferative activity .
    HDAC-IN-43
  • HY-163511
    PI3K/Akt/mTOR-IN-4
    		Inhibitor
    PI3K/Akt/mTOR-IN-4 (compound 4r) is a potent PI3K/Akt/mTOR and tubulin polymerization inhibitor. PI3K/Akt/mTOR-IN-4 induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. PI3K/Akt/mTOR-IN-4 decreases the expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, and p-mTOR, β-tubulin.
    PI3K/Akt/mTOR-IN-4
  • HY-118160
    PPM-18
    		Inhibitor 99.17%
    PPM-18 (NSC 73233) is a Vitamin K (HY-B2172) analog. PPM-18 prevents LPS-induced IκBα degradation, thereby inhibiting NF-κB activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. PPM-18 inhibits LPS-induced nitrite production and iNOS expression. PPM-18 inhibits HDAC6. PPM-18 induces ROS accumulation, activates AMPK, inhibits the mTORC1 and PI3K/AKT pathways, initiates Autophagy, and induces Apoptosis. PPM-18 suppresses seizures in zebrafish and mouse epilepsy models. PPM-18 prevents LPS-induced lethal toxicity and delayed hypotension. PPM-18 exhibits anticancer activity against leukemia and bladder cancer. PPM-18 can be used in research related to septic shock, bladder cancer and atherosclerosis.
    PPM-18
  • HY-180556
    PI3K/mTOR-IN-20
    		Inhibitor
    PI3K/mTOR-IN-20 is a selective dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor. PI3K/mTOR-IN-20 demonstrates nanomolar antiproliferative effects with IC50s of 0.380 and 0.090 μM for MRC-5 and Mlg2908 cells. PI3K/mTOR-IN-20 reduces Ashcroft scores, hydroxyproline content, collagen deposition, and downregulates fibrosis-related proteins, while restoring lung architecture in a Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. PI3K/mTOR-IN-20 shows a favorable safety profile with steady weight recovery and no distinct liver or kidney toxicity. PI3K/mTOR-IN-20 can be used for fetal lung fibroblasts research.
    PI3K/mTOR-IN-20
  • HY-179155
    PI3K/mTOR-IN-19
    		Inhibitor
    PI3K/mTOR-IN-19 is an orally active, potent, selective PI3K (IC50 = 4.23 nM) and mTOR (IC50 = 2.3 nM) inhibitor. PI3K/mTOR-IN-19 significantly inhibits Eca109 cell viability and induces apoptosis. PI3K/mTOR-IN-19 causes G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and demonstrates marked telomerase inhibitory activity. PI3K/mTOR-IN-19 modulates the expression of key apoptotic regulators (Bcl-2, Bax, and p53) and downregulates the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. PI3K/mTOR-IN-19 can be used for the study of esophageal cancer.
    PI3K/mTOR-IN-19
  • HY-N0404R
    Sinigrin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Sinigrin (Standard) (Allyl-glucosinolate (Standard)) is the analytical standard of Sinigrin (HY-N0404). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sinigrin (Allyl-glucosinolate) is an orally active glucosinolate found in cruciferous plants. Sinigrin possesses multiple activities such as anti-cancer, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and inhibition of fat synthesis. Sinigrin can be used in the research of tumors, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases.
    Sinigrin (Standard)
  • HY-179388
    PROTAC Sirt2 Degrader-2
    		Inhibitor
    PROTAC Sirt2 Degrader-2 is a highly efficient and selective PROTAC degrader targeting SIRT2. PROTAC Sirt2 Degrader-2 demonstrates the most potent anti-proliferative activity both in vitro and in vivo. PROTAC Sirt2 Degrader-2 leads to a marked increase in H4K16Ac levels. PROTAC Sirt2 Degrader-2 significantly suppresses clonogenic formation and migration, induces cell cycle arrest, and promotes apoptosis. PROTAC Sirt2 Degrader-2 inhibits the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by indirectly degrading SIRT2 and blocking downstream protein phosphorylation, thereby disrupting the signaling cascade and suppressing tumor development. PROTAC Sirt2 Degrader-2 can be used for the study of ovarian cancer.
    PROTAC Sirt2 Degrader-2
  • HY-117435
    CIDD 0067106
    		Inhibitor
    CIDD-0067106 is a selective mTORC1 pathway inhibitor targeting androgen receptor-positive (AR+) triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). CIDD-0067106 demonstrates potent inhibition of AR+ TNBC cell lines with an GI50 value of 0.8 μM. CIDD-0067106 is promising for research of AR+ TNBC.
    CIDD 0067106
  • HY-183307
    mTOR-IN-29
    		Inhibitor
    mTOR-IN-29 (Compound 4k) is an mTOR inhibitor with a IC50 of ~120 nM. mTOR-IN-29 inhibits mTOR kinase activity without affecting the phosphorylation of STAT3. mTOR-IN-29 acts as a cytotoxic agent against proliferating and senescent cells. mTOR-IN-29 can be used in studies related to glioblastoma.
    mTOR-IN-29
  • HY-W783478
    Calebin A
    		Inhibitor 98.00%
    Calebin A is a PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK, and NF-κB inhibitor with oral effectiveness. Calebin A can block the autophagy-repressive, inhibiting apoptosis. Calebin A has anti-tumor activity by epigenetic regulation. Calebin A suppresses adipogenesis, modulates thermogenesis, and enriches gut probiotics. Calebin A can be used in research on osteoarthritis, Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, and colorectal cancer.
    Calebin A
  • HY-181491
    Tubulin-IN-64
    		Inhibitor
    Tubulin-IN-64 is a sulfonated styrylquinazoline derivative with high selectivity antitumor activity. Tubulin-IN-64 targets tubulin, inhibits the EGFR/Akt/mTOR and EGFR/Ras signaling pathways, induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy. Tubulin-IN-64 exhibits significant antitumor efficacy in the zebrafish GBM xenograft model. Tubulin-IN-64 can be used for the research on glioblastoma and leukemia.
    Tubulin-IN-64
  • HY-152238
    PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor-12
    		Inhibitor
    PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor-12 is a potent, orally active and selective PI3K/mTOR inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.06 nM and 3.12 nM for PI3Kα and mTOR, respectively. PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor-12 has antitumor activity. PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor-12 has lower liver toxicity.
    PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor-12
  • HY-150061
    NVP-BBD130
    		Inhibitor
    NVP-BBD130 is a potent, stable, ATP-competitive and orally active dual PI3K and mTOR inhibitor. NVP-BBD130 is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
    NVP-BBD130
  • HY-172259
    Toyaburgine
    		Inhibitor
    Toyaburgine is a unique isoquinoline compound that exhibits anti-tumor activity. It packs a punch by disrupting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, causing significant morphological changes and cell death in MIA PaCa-2 cells. On top of that, it puts the brakes on cell migration and colony formation. This compound is showing a lot of promise in the realm of pancreatic cancer research.
    Toyaburgine
  • HY-N0047R
    Polyphyllin I (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Polyphyllin I (Standard) is the analytical standard of Polyphyllin I. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Polyphyllin I is a bioactive constituent extracted from Paris polyphylla, has strong anti-tumor activity. Polyphyllin I is an activator of the JNK signaling pathway and is an inhibitor of PDK1/Akt/mTOR signaling. Polyphyllin I induces autophagy, G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis.
    Polyphyllin I (Standard)
  • HY-15268
    PP487
    		Inhibitor
    PP487 is a selective dual inhibitor of Tyrosine kinase/PI3-K, with IC50 values of 0.017 μM, 0.072 μM, 0.004 μM, 0.01 μM, 0.55 μM, 0.22 μM, and < 0.01 μM against DNA-PK, mTOR, Hck, Src, EGFR, EphB4, and PDGFR, respectively. PP487 can be used in cancer research.
    PP487
  • HY-RS08812
    Mtor Rat Pre-designed siRNA Set A
    		Inhibitor

    Mtor Rat Pre-designed siRNA Set A contains three designed siRNAs for Mtor gene (Rat), as well as a negative control, a positive control, and a FAM-labeled negative control.
    Mtor Rat Pre-designed siRNA Set A
  • HY-161857
    Akt/mTOR-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    Akt/mTOR-IN-1 (Compound 8r) is an AKT/mTOR signaling pathway inhibitor exhibiting an IC50 value of 0.8 µM with anticancer activity. Akt/mTOR-IN-1 can decrease the expression of Caspase 3 and increase the expression of the autophagic protein Cyclin B1, thereby inducing cell autophagy and apoptosis. Akt/mTOR-IN-1 can be used in research related to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
    Akt/mTOR-IN-1
  • HY-161509
    PT-88
    		Inhibitor
    PT-88 is a highly selective inhibitor of mTOR (Mammalian target of rapamycin) (IC50=1.2 nM). PT-88 inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes, both of which are active forms of mTOR protein kinases and are closely associated with cell growth, proliferation, and survival. PT-88 can be used to study the role of mTOR in tumorigenesis and development, especially in the study of breast cancer.
    PT-88
  • HY-W800535
    Cryptolepine
    		Inhibitor
    Cryptolepine is an orally active multi-potent alkaloid with anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, relieve pain and other properties. Cryptolepine acts as an inhibitor of c-Myc, mTOR, NF-κB, HIF-1, MAPK and an activator of AMPKα1/2. It intercalates into DNA, inhibits topoisomerase II (Top II), disrupts mitochondrial dynamics and induces apoptosis. Cryptolepine also exhibits anti-plasmodial and cholinesterase inhibitory activities. Cryptolepine can be used in research related to tumors (melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, mammary adenocarcinoma, etc.), malaria, inflammatory diseases and diabetes, particularly in studies focused on inhibiting tumor growth and anti-plasmodial infection.
    Cryptolepine
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download mTOR Signaling Pathway Map.

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway integrates both intracellular and extracellular signals and serves as a central regulator of cell metabolism, growth, proliferation and survival[1]. mTOR is the catalytic subunit of two distinct complexes called mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 comprises DEPTOR, PRAS40, RAPTOR, mLST8, mTOR, whereas mTORC2 comprises DEPTOR, mLST8, PROTOR, RICTOR, mSIN1, mTOR[2]. Rapamycin binds to FKBP12 and inhibits mTORC1 by disrupting the interaction between mTOR and RAPTOR. mTORC1 negatively regulates autophagy through multiple inputs, including inhibitory phosphorylation of ULK1 and TFEB. mTORC1 promotes protein synthesis through activation of the translation initiation promoter S6K and through inhibition of the inhibitory mRNA cap binding 4E-BP1, and regulates glycolysis through HIF-1α. It promotes de novo lipid synthesis through the SREBP transcription factors. mTORC2 inhibits FOXO1,3 through SGK and Akt, which can lead to increased longevity. The complex also regulates actin cytoskeleton assembly through PKC and Rho kinase[3]. 

 

Growth factors: Growth factors can signal to mTORC1 through both PI3K-Akt and Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK axis. For example, ERK and RSK phosphorylate TSC2, and inhibit it.

 

Insulin Receptor: The activated insulin receptor recruits intracellular adaptor protein IRS1. Phosphorylation of these proteins on tyrosine residues by the insulin receptor initiates the recruitment and activation of PI3K. PIP3 acts as a second messenger which promotes the phosphorylation of Akt and triggers the Akt-dependent multisite phosphorylation of TSC2. TSC is a heterotrimeric complex comprised of TSC1, TSC2, and TBC1D7, and functions as a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for the small GTPase Rheb, which directly binds and activates mTORC1. mTORC2 primarily functions as an effector of insulin/PI3K signaling. 

 

Wnt: The Wnt pathway activates mTORC1. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) acts as a negative regulator of mTORC1 by phosphorylating TSC2. mTORC2 is activated by Wnt in a manner dependent on the small GTPase RAC1[4].

 

Amino acids: mTORC1 senses both lysosomal and cytosolic amino acids through distinct mechanisms. Amino acids induce the movement of mTORC1 to lysosomal membranes, where the Rag proteins reside. A complex named Ragulator, interact with the Rag GTPases, recruits them to lysosomes through a mechanism dependent on the lysosomal v-ATPase, and is essential for mTORC1 activation. In turn, lysosomal recruitment enables mTORC1 to interact with GTP-bound RHEB, the end point of growth factor. Cytosolic leucine and arginine signal to mTORC1 through a distinct pathway comprised of the GATOR1 and GATOR2 complexes.    

 

Stresses: mTORC1 responds to intracellular and environmental stresses that are incompatible with growth such as low ATP levels, hypoxia, or DNA damage. A reduction in cellular energy charge, for example during glucose deprivation, activates the stress responsive metabolic regulator AMPK, which inhibits mTORC1 both indirectly, through phosphorylation and activation of TSC2, as well as directly through the phosphorylation of RAPTOR. Sestrin1/2 are two transcriptional targets of p53 that are implicated in the DNA damage response, and they potently activate AMPK, thus mediating the p53-dependent suppression of mTOR activity upon DNA damage. During hypoxia, mitochondrial respiration is impaired, leading to low ATP levels and activation of AMPK. Hypoxia also affects mTORC1 in AMPK-independent ways by inducing the expression of REDD1, the protein products of which then suppress mTORC1 by promoting the assembly of TSC1-TSC2[2].

 

Reference:

[1]. Laplante M, et al.mTOR signaling at a glance.J Cell Sci. 2009 Oct 15;122(Pt 20):3589-94. 
[2]. Zoncu R, et al. mTOR: from growth signal integration to cancer, diabetes and ageing.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Jan;12(1):21-35. 
[3]. Johnson SC, et al. mTOR is a key modulator of ageing and age-related disease.Nature. 2013 Jan 17;493(7432):338-45.
[4]. Shimobayashi M, et al. Making new contacts: the mTOR network in metabolism and signalling crosstalk.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2014 Mar;15(3):155-62.

mTOR Isoform Comparison

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