1. Signaling Pathways
  2. PI3K/Akt/mTOR
  3. mTOR

mTOR

Mammalian target of Rapamycin

mTOR (mammalian target of Rapamycin) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the mTOR gene. mTOR is a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility, cell survival, protein synthesis, and transcription. mTOR belongs to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase protein family. mTOR integrates the input from upstream pathways, including growth factors and amino acids. mTOR also senses cellular nutrient, oxygen, and energy levels. The mTOR pathway is dysregulated in human diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, depression, and certain cancers. Rapamycin inhibits mTOR by associating with its intracellular receptor FKBP12. The FKBP12-rapamycin complex binds directly to the FKBP12-Rapamycin Binding (FRB) domain of mTOR, inhibiting its activity.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-18353
    mTOR inhibitor-3
    Inhibitor 99.09%
    mTOR inhibitor-3 is a remarkably selective mTOR inhibitor with a Ki of 1.5 nM. mTOR inhibitor-3 suppresses mTORC1 and mTORC2 in cellular and in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) experiments.
    mTOR inhibitor-3
  • HY-146751
    PI3K/Akt/mTOR-IN-2
    Inhibitor 99.86%
    PI3K/Akt/mTOR-IN-2 is a PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitor. PI3K/Akt/mTOR-IN-2 possess anti-cancer effects and selectivity against MDA-MB-231 cells with IC50 value of 2.29 μM. PI3K/Akt/mTOR-IN-2 can induce cancer cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
    PI3K/Akt/mTOR-IN-2
  • HY-N6626
    Pyraclostrobin
    99.91%
    Pyraclostrobin is a highly effective and broad-spectrum strobilurin fungicide. Pyraclostrobin can induce oxidative DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy through the activation of AMPK/mTOR signaling. Pyraclostrobin can be used to control crop diseases.
    Pyraclostrobin
  • HY-12034
    WYE-354
    Inhibitor 98.04%
    WYE-354 is an ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 5 nM. WYE-354 also inhibits PI3Kα and PI3Kγ with IC50s of 1.89 μM and 7.37 μM, respectively. WYE-354 inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2. WYE-354 induces autophagy activation in vitro.
    WYE-354
  • HY-12763
    GNE-317
    Inhibitor 99.14%
    GNE-317 is a PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, is able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
    GNE-317
  • HY-10219S
    Rapamycin-d3
    Inhibitor
    Rapamycin-d3 is the deuterium labeled Rapamycin. Rapamycin is a potent and specific mTOR inhibitor with an IC50of 0.1 nM in HEK293 cells. Rapamycin binds to FKBP12 and specifically acts as an allosteric inhibitor of mTORC1[1]. Rapamycin is an autophagy activator, an immunosuppressant[2].
    Rapamycin-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-107365
    PQR530
    Inhibitor 99.98%
    PQR530 is a potent, ATP-competitive, orally bioavailable and brain-penetrant dual pan-PI3K/mTORC1/2 inhibitor, with a subnanomolar Kd toward PI3Kα and mTOR (0.84 and 0.33 nM, respectively). Antitumor activity.
    PQR530
  • HY-N0656A
    (+)-Usnic acid
    Inhibitor 99.63%
    (+)-Usnic acid is isolated from isolated from lichens, binds at the ATP-binding pocket of mTOR, and inhibits mTORC1/2 activity. (+)-Usnic acid inhibits the phosphorylation of mTOR downstream effectors: Akt (Ser473), 4EBP1, S6K, induces autophay, with anti-cancer activity. (+)-Usnic acid possesses antimicrobial activity against a number of planktonic gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterococcus faecium.
    (+)-Usnic acid
  • HY-15248
    GDC-0349
    Inhibitor
    GDC-0349 is a potent and selective ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor with a Ki of 3.8 nM. GDC-0349 inhibits of both mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes.
    GDC-0349
  • HY-16962A
    CC-115 hydrochloride
    Inhibitor 98.03%
    CC-115 hydrochloride is a potent and dual DNA-PK and mTOR kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 13 nM and 21 nM, respectively. CC-115 blocks both mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling.
    CC-115 hydrochloride
  • HY-N6996
    Methyl Eugenol
    Inhibitor 98.64%
    Methyl Eugenol is a bait that has oral activity against oriental fruit fly (Hendel).Methyl Eugenol has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Methyl Eugenol can induce Autophagy in cells. Methyl Eugenol can be used in the study of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury.
    Methyl Eugenol
  • HY-10115A
    PI-103 Hydrochloride
    Inhibitor 98.00%
    PI-103 Hydrochloride is a dual PI3K and mTOR inhibitor with IC50s of 8 nM, 88 nM, 48 nM, 150 nM, 20 nM, and 83 nM for p110α, p110β, p110δ, p110γ, mTORC1, and mTORC2. PI-103 Hydrochloride also inhibits DNA-PK with an IC50 of 2 nM. PI-103 Hydrochloride induces autophagy.
    PI-103 Hydrochloride
  • HY-14581
    Palomid 529
    Inhibitor 99.47%
    Palomid 529 is a potent inhibitor of mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes.
    Palomid 529
  • HY-15272
    WAY-600
    Inhibitor 99.75%
    WAY-600 is a potent, ATP-competitive, and selective mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 9 nM for recombinant mTOR enzyme. WAY-600 blocks mTOR complex 1/2 (mTORC1/2) assemble and activation.
    WAY-600
  • HY-N2217
    Rotundic acid
    Inhibitor 99.41%
    Rotundic acid, a triterpenoid obtained from Ilex rotunda Thunb., induces DNA damage and cell apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma through AKT/mTOR and MAPK Pathways. Rotundic acid possesses anti-inflammatory and cardio-protective abilities.
    Rotundic acid
  • HY-100026
    PQR620
    Inhibitor 98.01%
    PQR620 is an orally bioavailable and selective brain penetrant inhibitor of mTORC1/2.
    PQR620
  • HY-110109
    ETP-45658
    Inhibitor 98.05%
    ETP-45658 is a potent PI3K inhibitor, with IC50s of 22.0 nM, 39.8 nM, 129.0 nM and 717.3 nM for PI3Kα, PI3Kδ, PI3Kβ and PI3Kγ, respectively. ETP-45658 also can inhibit DNA-PK (IC50=70.6 nM) and mTOR (IC50=152.0 nM). ETP-45658 can be used for the research of cancer.
    ETP-45658
  • HY-114414
    HDACs/mTOR Inhibitor 1
    Inhibitor 98.21%
    HDACs/mTOR Inhibitor 1 is a dual HDAC.html" class="link-product" target="_blank">HDACs and mTOR.html" class="link-product" target="_blank">mTOR inhibitor, with IC50s of 0.19 nM, 1.8 nM, 1.2 nM for HDAC1, HDAC6, mTOR, respectively. HDACs/mTOR Inhibitor 1 stimulates cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase and induces tumor cell apoptosis with low toxicity in vivo. HDACs/mTOR Inhibitor 1 can be used in the research of hematologic malignancies.
    HDACs/mTOR Inhibitor 1
  • HY-137175
    TMBIM6 antagonist-1
    Antagonist 99.60%
    TMBIM6 antagonist-1, a potential TMBIM6 antagonist, prevents TMBIM6 binding to mTORC2, decreases mTORC2 activity, and also regulates TMBIM6-leaky Ca2+.
    TMBIM6 antagonist-1
  • HY-109046
    Tulrampator
    98.92%
    Tulrampator (S-47445) is an orally active selective AMPA receptor modulator. Tulrampator possesses procognitive, enhancing synaptic plasticity, anti-depressant-anxiolytic-like, procognitive and potential neuroprotective properties. Tulrampator can be used for research of alzheimer’s disease and in major depressive disorder.
    Tulrampator
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway integrates both intracellular and extracellular signals and serves as a central regulator of cell metabolism, growth, proliferation and survival[1]. mTOR is the catalytic subunit of two distinct complexes called mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 comprises DEPTOR, PRAS40, RAPTOR, mLST8, mTOR, whereas mTORC2 comprises DEPTOR, mLST8, PROTOR, RICTOR, mSIN1, mTOR[2]. Rapamycin binds to FKBP12 and inhibits mTORC1 by disrupting the interaction between mTOR and RAPTOR. mTORC1 negatively regulates autophagy through multiple inputs, including inhibitory phosphorylation of ULK1 and TFEB. mTORC1 promotes protein synthesis through activation of the translation initiation promoter S6K and through inhibition of the inhibitory mRNA cap binding 4E-BP1, and regulates glycolysis through HIF-1α. It promotes de novo lipid synthesis through the SREBP transcription factors. mTORC2 inhibits FOXO1,3 through SGK and Akt, which can lead to increased longevity. The complex also regulates actin cytoskeleton assembly through PKC and Rho kinase[3]

 

Growth factors: Growth factors can signal to mTORC1 through both PI3K-Akt and Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK axis. For example, ERK and RSK phosphorylate TSC2, and inhibit it.

 

Insulin Receptor: The activated insulin receptor recruits intracellular adaptor protein IRS1. Phosphorylation of these proteins on tyrosine residues by the insulin receptor initiates the recruitment and activation of PI3K. PIP3 acts as a second messenger which promotes the phosphorylation of Akt and triggers the Akt-dependent multisite phosphorylation of TSC2. TSC is a heterotrimeric complex comprised of TSC1, TSC2, and TBC1D7, and functions as a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for the small GTPase Rheb, which directly binds and activates mTORC1. mTORC2 primarily functions as an effector of insulin/PI3K signaling. 

 

Wnt: The Wnt pathway activates mTORC1. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) acts as a negative regulator of mTORC1 by phosphorylating TSC2. mTORC2 is activated by Wnt in a manner dependent on the small GTPase RAC1[4].

 

Amino acids: mTORC1 senses both lysosomal and cytosolic amino acids through distinct mechanisms. Amino acids induce the movement of mTORC1 to lysosomal membranes, where the Rag proteins reside. A complex named Ragulator, interact with the Rag GTPases, recruits them to lysosomes through a mechanism dependent on the lysosomal v-ATPase, and is essential for mTORC1 activation. In turn, lysosomal recruitment enables mTORC1 to interact with GTP-bound RHEB, the end point of growth factor. Cytosolic leucine and arginine signal to mTORC1 through a distinct pathway comprised of the GATOR1 and GATOR2 complexes.    

 

Stresses: mTORC1 responds to intracellular and environmental stresses that are incompatible with growth such as low ATP levels, hypoxia, or DNA damage. A reduction in cellular energy charge, for example during glucose deprivation, activates the stress responsive metabolic regulator AMPK, which inhibits mTORC1 both indirectly, through phosphorylation and activation of TSC2, as well as directly through the phosphorylation of RAPTOR. Sestrin1/2 are two transcriptional targets of p53 that are implicated in the DNA damage response, and they potently activate AMPK, thus mediating the p53-dependent suppression of mTOR activity upon DNA damage. During hypoxia, mitochondrial respiration is impaired, leading to low ATP levels and activation of AMPK. Hypoxia also affects mTORC1 in AMPK-independent ways by inducing the expression of REDD1, the protein products of which then suppress mTORC1 by promoting the assembly of TSC1-TSC2[2].

 

Reference:

[1]. Laplante M, et al.mTOR signaling at a glance.J Cell Sci. 2009 Oct 15;122(Pt 20):3589-94. 
[2]. Zoncu R, et al. mTOR: from growth signal integration to cancer, diabetes and ageing.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Jan;12(1):21-35. 
[3]. Johnson SC, et al. mTOR is a key modulator of ageing and age-related disease.Nature. 2013 Jan 17;493(7432):338-45.
[4]. Shimobayashi M, et al. Making new contacts: the mTOR network in metabolism and signalling crosstalk.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2014 Mar;15(3):155-62.

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