2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N17774
    2,3,4,6-Tetragalloylglucose
    		Inhibitor
    2,3,4,6-Tetragalloylglucose is a hydrolyzable tannin with antioxidant activity, exhibiting DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50=11.35 μM). 2,3,4,6-Tetragalloylglucose can be isolated from the endocarp of Juglans regia (walnut).
    2,3,4,6-Tetragalloylglucose
  • HY-N17816
    Tambulin
    		Inhibitor
    Tambulin is an orally active flavonol compound found in Zanthoxylum armatum. Tambulin can inhibit cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and inhibit ROS production. Tambulin upregulates cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, and Bax, downregulates Bcl-2 levels. Tambulin can stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion and induce endothelium-independent vasorelaxation. Tambulin binds to succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) (Ki = 11.02 μM) and shows significant ferric reducing power. Tambulin can enhances oxidative stress resistance, reduces, lipofuscin deposits, lipid levels, α-synuclein levels, improves locomotary behavior, and dopamine levels in in age-synchronized L1 hermaphrodite Caenorhabditis elegans models of ageing and Parkinson's disease. Tambulin can be used for the researches of Parkinson's disease, lung squamous cell carcinoma, and diabetes.
    Tambulin
  • HY-118160
    PPM-18
    		Activator 99.17%
    PPM-18 (NSC 73233) is a Vitamin K (HY-B2172) analog. PPM-18 prevents LPS-induced IκBα degradation, thereby inhibiting NF-κB activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. PPM-18 inhibits LPS-induced nitrite production and iNOS expression. PPM-18 inhibits HDAC6. PPM-18 induces ROS accumulation, activates AMPK, inhibits the mTORC1 and PI3K/AKT pathways, initiates Autophagy, and induces Apoptosis. PPM-18 suppresses seizures in zebrafish and mouse epilepsy models. PPM-18 prevents LPS-induced lethal toxicity and delayed hypotension. PPM-18 exhibits anticancer activity against leukemia and bladder cancer. PPM-18 can be used in research related to septic shock, bladder cancer and atherosclerosis.
    PPM-18
  • HY-P11491
    Ac2-26 (mouse)
    		Inhibitor
    Ac2-26 (mouse) is the N-terminal active peptide of Annexin A1 (AnxA1). Ac2-26 (mouse) regulates the inflammatory response by modulating the formyl peptide receptor (FPR) signaling pathway. Ac2-26 (mouse) can promote the release of chemokines and inhibit the production of ROS. Ac2-26 (mouse) can be used for the research of inflammation, such as rheumatoid arthritis.
    Ac2-26 (mouse)
  • HY-128525R
    Enterobactin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Enterobactin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Enterobactin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Enterobactin is a siderophore produced by Gram-negative bacteria and has an extremely high affinity for iron. During the process of Salmonella typhimurium infecting macrophages, Enterobactin can not only help bacteria uptake iron but also reduce the antibacterial activity of macrophages. In addition, Enterobactin is also involved in the oxidative stress response of Escherichia coli. Enterobactin can be hydrolyzed by Fes in the cell and exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals.
    Enterobactin (Standard)
  • HY-128061
    CDIBA
    		Inducer
    CDIBA is a cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) inhibitor. CDIBA inhibits the activation of cPLA2 in rat diaphragm tissue. CDIBA reduces the level of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in rat diaphragm tissue after prolonged mechanical ventilation. CDIBA attenuates protein degradation, muscle atrophy and decreased muscle strength in the diaphragm of rats after prolonged mechanical ventilation. CDIBA can be used in studies related to ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction.
    CDIBA
  • HY-13571B
    Beclometasone dipropionate monohydrate
    		Inhibitor
    Beclometasone dipropionate monohydrate, the proagent of Beclometasone, is an orally active and potent glucocorticoid recepter agonist. Beclometasone dipropionate monohydrate acts via a glucocorticoid receptor and suppresses inflammation and hyperproliferation. Beclometasone dipropionate monohydrate can be used for asthma .
    Beclometasone dipropionate monohydrate
  • HY-182023
    Anticonvulsant agent 11
    		Inhibitor
    Anticonvulsant agent 11 (Compound 8b) is an anticonvulsant agent. Anticonvulsant agent 11 exerts neuroprotective effects by enhancing cell viability and reducing ROS levels. Anticonvulsant agent 11 induces the expression of GABAA α1, resulting in neuronal hyperpolarization. Anticonvulsant agent 11 increases the number of neurite-bearing cells and the length of neurites. Anticonvulsant agent 11 exhibits dose-dependent anticonvulsant effects in mice. Anticonvulsant agent 11 can be used for the research of epilepsy.
    Anticonvulsant agent 11
  • HY-N0716BR
    Berberine sulfate (Standard)
    		Activator
    Berberine (sulfate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Berberine (sulfate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Berberine sulfate is an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine Huanglian, as an antibiotic. Berberine sulfate induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inhibits DNA topoisomerase. Berberine sulfate has antineoplastic properties. The sulfate form improves bioavailability[1][2].
    Berberine sulfate (Standard)
  • HY-W354617
    Roxadimate
    		Inhibitor
    Roxadimate (Ethyl dihydroxypropyl PABA) can be used as a sunscreen agent by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Roxadimate can protect cells from damage caused by radiation or neurotoxic insults. Roxadimate can be studied in research for cancer and neurodegenerative conditions.
    Roxadimate
  • HY-146367
    VEGFR-2-IN-19
    		Inducer
    VEGFR-2-IN-19 (Compound 15b) is a potent VEGFR2 inhibitor. VEGFR-2-IN-19 induces cell apoptosis and increases intracellular reactive oxygen species level. VEGFR-2-IN-19 can be used as an anticancer agent.
    VEGFR-2-IN-19
  • HY-183570
    Antitumor photosensitizer-11
    		Inducer
    Antitumor photosensitizer-11 is a type-I carbazole/benzindolium photosensitizer with antitumor activity. Antitumor photosensitizer-11 induces ROS generation via a type-I pathway, forming superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. Antitumor photosensitizer-11 triggers immunogenic cell death in cancer cells via enhanced oxidative stress. Antitumor photosensitizer-11 exhibits antiproliferative activity in normoxic and hypoxic environments, inhibits breast cancer tumor growth in vivo, and promotes dendritic cell maturation and T cell infiltration. Antitumor photosensitizer-11 can be used for the research of cancer, such as breast cancer.
    Antitumor photosensitizer-11
  • HY-179712
    As-CA11
    		Inducer
    As-CA11 is a Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) inhibitor with an IC50 of 18.7 nM. As-CA11 can induce cancer cells apoptosis and ROS production. As-CA11 can reduce the level of reduced Trx and increase the level of oxidized Trx. As-CA11 demonstrates anti-tumor activity in the 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse model.
    As-CA11
  • HY-W778057
    Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate-13C3
    Ethyl 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate-13C3 (Protocatechuic acid ethyl ester-13C3) is the 13C-labeled Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (HY-W016409). Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (Protocatechuic acid ethyl ester) is an orally effective, blood-brain barrier-permeable, competitive prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitor that inhibits the hydroxylation modification of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) by PHD. Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate stabilizes HIF-1α by inhibiting PHD, activates downstream pathways to induce autophagy and apoptosis of tumor cells, and regulates inflammatory responses, inhibits the NF-κB pathway, improves vascular permeability, and promotes osteoblast differentiation. Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate has anti-tumor, anti-hypoxic injury, and bone metabolism regulation effects. It can also be used in the research of cardiovascular protection (such as reducing myocardial ischemic damage), bone tissue engineering (promoting osteogenesis/inhibiting osteoclast differentiation), and prevention and treatment of high-altitude cerebral edema.
    Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-N16399
    Black tea extract
    		Inhibitor
    Black tea extract is the extract of Black tea. Black tea extract prevents inorganic arsenic (iAs) induced ROS generation, inhibiting uncontrolled proliferation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis in HaCaT cells. Black tea extract has an anti-fibrotic activity. Black tea extract can be used for skin cancers research.
    Black tea extract
  • HY-P11250
    HVF18-a3-d
    		Inhibitor
    HVF18-a3-d is an antimicrobial peptide. HVF18-a3-d reduces NO production. HVF18-a3-d inhibits the production of TNF-α and IL-6, reduces ROS production, and suppresses the TLR4 signaling pathway, as well as LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK. HVF18-a3-d exhibits antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacteria by disrupting their outer and inner membranes. HVF18-a3-d protects mice from fatal septic shock induced by Acinetobacter baumannii resistant to Carbapenem. HVF18-a3-d shows anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.
    HVF18-a3-d
  • HY-113410R
    3-Methylglutaric acid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    3-Methylglutaric acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of 3-Methylglutaric acid (HY-113410). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 3-Methylglutaric acid is a non-selective inhibitor of mitochondrial function and Na+, K+-ATPase, with an inhibition rate of 30% on rat cortical synaptosomal Na+, K+-ATPase. 3-Methylglutaric acid can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, thereby causing oxidative damage and inhibiting mitochondrial redox potential and ion pump function of cell membranes. 3-Methylglutaric acid can be used to study the neuropathological mechanisms of metabolic diseases and the role of oxidative stress-mediated neuronal damage in neurodegeneration.
    3-Methylglutaric acid (Standard)
  • HY-162882
    CC15009
    		Inhibitor
    CC15009 is a xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 0.237 nM. CC15009 can inhibit the oxidative subtype of XOR, thereby reducing the production of the byproduct ROS and exhibiting antioxidant activity. CC15009 has demonstrated a good dose-dependent uric acid-lowering effect in two different mouse models of hyperuricemia induced by XOR substrates.
    CC15009
  • HY-183355
    KRAS G12D-IN-37
    		Inducer
    KRAS G12D-IN-37 is a KRASG12D inhibitor. KRAS G12D-IN-37 shows antiproliferative activity against KRASG12D mutant tumor cells and minimal cytotoxicity toward normal cells. KRAS G12D-IN-37 binds stably to KRASG12D via hydrogen bond interactions with residues His 95, Arg 68, and Asp 12, and inhibits downstream ERK/AKT signaling pathways. KRAS G12D-IN-37 elevates ROS levels, induces apoptosis, disrupts mitochondrial membrane potential. KRAS G12D-IN-37 downregulates the level of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and upregulates the levels of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase 3. KRAS G12D-IN-37 can be used for the research of cancer, such as gastric adenocarcinoma and colorectal cancer.
    KRAS G12D-IN-37
  • HY-170590
    VEGFR-2-IN-61
    		Inducer
    VEGFR-2-IN-61 (Compound 7b) is an inhibitor for VEGFR-2 with an IC50 of 2.83 µM. VEGFR-2-IN-61 inhibits the proliferation of multi cancer cells (IC50 for MCF-7 is 2.12 μM). VEGFR-2-IN-61 inhibits the cell migration, induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in MCF-7.
    VEGFR-2-IN-61
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity