Xanthosine dihydrate 

Xanthosine dihydrate is a nucleoside derived from xanthine and ribose. Xanthosine dihydrate activates the AMPK/FoxO1/AKT/GSK3β signaling cascade. Xanthosine dihydrate promotes cell proliferation and regulates blood glucose metabolism. Xanthosine dihydrate increases milk production in cows and goats. Xanthosine dihydrate is used in mammary stem cell and type 2 diabetes research^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]}.

Xanthosine (200 μM) dihydrate increases the population of bovine mammary epithelial cells (MEC) during the exponential phase of cell growth, reduces the doubling time, promotes symmetric cell division^[1].
Xanthosine (1.75-17.6 μM; 2 h) dihydrate enhances glucose uptake, decreases glucose production, increases glycogen content, and activates AKT phosphorylation in FFA-induced CC1 hepatocytes^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Xanthosine (9.6 mg in 300 μL PBS; i.p.; 14 consecutive days) dihydrate has a latent negative effect on bovine mammary cell proliferation in immunodeficient mice with bovine mammary implants^[2].
Xanthosine (up to 5 mg/kg) dihydrate has no effect on the cat blood pressure^[4].
Xanthosine (1.5-2 mL; 10 mM; intraductal infusion and parenchymal injection; 5 consecutive days) dihydrate significantly increases the number of label-retaining epithelial cells (LREC) and telomerase activity in the mammary glands of female Holstein calves, indicating an expansion of the mammary stem cell population^[5].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

320.26

C₁₀H₁₆N₄O₈

5968-90-1

OC[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](N2C(NC(NC3=O)=O)=C3N=C2)O1.[2H2O]

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.

• [1]. Choudhary RK, et al. In vitro expansion of the mammary stem/progenitor cell population by xanthosine treatment. BMC Cell Biol. 2012 Jun 14;13:14.  [Content Brief]

  [2]. Rauner G, et al. Xanthosine administration does not affect the proportion of epithelial stem cells in bovine mammary tissue, but has a latent negative effect on cell proliferation. Exp Cell Res. 2014 Oct 15;328(1):186-196.  [Content Brief]

  [3]. Ahmed SA, et al. Xanthosine, a purine glycoside mediates hepatic glucose homeostasis through inhibition of gluconeogenesis and activation of glycogenesis via regulating the AMPK/ FoxO1/AKT/GSK3β signaling cascade. Chem Biol Interact. 2023 Feb 1;371:110347.  [Content Brief]

  [4]. MOULTON, et al. Histamine release and pain production by xanthosine and related compounds. Br J Pharmacol Chemother. 1957 Sep;12(3):365-70.  [Content Brief]

  [5]. Capuco AV, et al. In vivo expansion of the mammary stem/ progenitor cell population by xanthosine infusion. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2009 Apr;234(4):475-82.  [Content Brief]

  [6]. Choudhary S, et, al. Examination of the xanthosine response on gene expression of mammary epithelial cells using RNA-seq technology. J Anim Sci Technol. 2018 Jul 13;60:18.  [Content Brief]