Nucleoside Analogs

5-BrdU (BrdU) is a nucleoside analog that competes with thymidine for incorporation into DNA. 5-BrdU is commonly used in the detection of proliferating cells.

Uridine (β-Uridine) is a nucleoside compound composed of uracil and a ribose ring, which are connected by a β-N1-glycosidic bond.

5,6-Dichlorobenzimidazole riboside (DRB) is a nucleoside analog that inhibits several carboxyl-terminal domain kinases, including casein kinase II and cell cycle-dependent kinases (CDK). 5, 6-dichlorobenzimidazole riboside has antitumor activity. 5, 6-dichlorobenzimidazole riboside can induce apoptosis.

SAH (S-Adenosylhomocysteine) is an amino acid derivative and a modulartor in several metabolic pathways. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of cysteine and adenosine. SAH is an inhibitor for METTL3-METTL14 heterodimer complex (METTL3-14) with an IC₅₀ of 0.9 µM.

4-Thiouridine is a ribonucleoside analog, it is widely used in RNA analysis and (m)RNA labeling. 4-Thiouridine inhibits rRNA synthesis and causes a nucleolar stress response.

Guanosine (DL-Guanosine) is a purine nucleoside comprising guanine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) ring via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. Guanosine possesses anti-HSV activity.

Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside and acts as a component of RNA. Cytidine is a precursor of uridine. Cytidine controls neuronal-glial glutamate cycling, affecting cerebral phospholipid metabolism, catecholamine synthesis, and mitochondrial function.

2’-Deoxyguanosine (Deoxyguanosine) is a purine nucleoside with a variety of biological activities. 2’-Deoxyguanosine can induce DNA division in mouse thymus cells. 2’-Deoxyguanosine is a potent cell division inhibitor in plant cells.

2'-Deoxycytidine, a deoxyribonucleoside, can inhibit biological effects of Bromodeoxyuridine (Brdu). 2'-Deoxycytidine is essential for the synthesis of nucleic acids, that can be used for the research of cancer.

2′-Deoxyadenosine is an adenine nucleoside that inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin release. 2′-Deoxyadenosine inhibits glucose-stimulated increases seen in islet cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation. 2'-Deoxyadenosine activates caspase-3 and promotes apoptosis. 2'-Deoxyadenosine inhibits the activity of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH). 2'-Deoxyadenosine inhibits the growth of various cells. 2'-Deoxyadenosine has an anticancer effect on colon cancer.

6-Thio-2'-Deoxyguanosine is a nucleoside analogue that can be incorporated into de novo-synthesized telomeres by telomerase.

Xanthosine is a nucleoside derived from xanthine and ribose. Xanthosine activates the AMPK/FoxO1/AKT/GSK3β signaling cascade. Xanthosine promotes cell proliferation and regulates blood glucose metabolism. Xanthosine increases milk production in cows and goats. Xanthosine is used in mammary stem cell and type 2 diabetes research.

Pseudouridine is an isomer of uridine and the most abundant modified nucleoside in non-coding RNA. It fine-tunes and stabilizes regional structures in rRNA and tRNA, maintaining their functions in mRNA decoding, ribosome assembly, processing, and translation. Pseudouridine-modified tRNA fragments can inhibit aberrant protein synthesis and hold promise for research on myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)-related leukemia..

Adenosine dialdehyde, a purine nucleoside analogue, is a potent inhibitor of S-Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) (K_i=3.3 nM). Adenosine Dialdehyde exhibits potent anti-tumor activity in vivo and can be used for the cancer research.

Tetrahydrouridine dihydrate is potent inhibitor of cytidine deaminase (CDA), which competitively blocks the enzyme's active site more effectively than intrinsic cytidine.

Thymine, one of the four bases of DNA, is a substrate for rat liver dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), with a K_m value of 2.2 μM, K_i of 24 μM (using 5-FU as the DPD substrate), and a specific activity of 0.68 nmol/min/mg.

5-Methylcytidine is a nucleoside compound. 5-Methylcytidine has antiviral activity, and its IC₅₀ against HSV-1 is 0.06 μM.

7-Methyl-6-thioguanosine (MESG) is a chromogenic substrate that can be converted to 7-methyl-6-thioguanine in the presence of purine nucleoside phosphorylase and inorganic phosphate. 7-Methyl-6-thioguanosine can be used to quantify inorganic phosphate. 7-Methyl-6-thioguanosine can also be used to determine the activities of purine nucleoside phosphorylase and protein phosphatases.

8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine is a critical biomarker of oxidative stress and carcinogenesis.

N1-methyl-pseudouridine (1-Methylpseudouridine), a methylpseudouridine, outperforms 5 mC and 5 mC/N1-methyl-pseudouridine in translation. N1-methyl-pseudouridine in mRNA enhances translation through eIF2α-dependent and independent mechanisms by increasing ribosome density.