2. Signaling Pathways
  3. PI3K/Akt/mTOR
  4. mTOR

mTOR

Mammalian target of Rapamycin

mTOR

Related Products

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mTOR (mammalian target of Rapamycin) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the mTOR gene. mTOR is a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility, cell survival, protein synthesis, and transcription. mTOR belongs to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase protein family. mTOR integrates the input from upstream pathways, including growth factors and amino acids. mTOR also senses cellular nutrient, oxygen, and energy levels. The mTOR pathway is dysregulated in human diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, depression, and certain cancers. Rapamycin inhibits mTOR by associating with its intracellular receptor FKBP12. The FKBP12-rapamycin complex binds directly to the FKBP12-Rapamycin Binding (FRB) domain of mTOR, inhibiting its activity.

mTOR Isoform Specific Products:

mTOR Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-10044R
    WYE-132 (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    WYE-132 (Standard) is the analytical standard of WYE-132 (HY-10044). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. WYE-132 (WYE-125132) is a highly potent, ATP-competitive, and specific mTOR kinase inhibitor (IC50: 0.19±0.07 nM; >5,000-fold selective versus PI3Ks). WYE-132 (WYE-125132) inhibits mTORC1 and mTORC2.
    WYE-132 (Standard)
  • HY-10811R
    GNE-493 (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    GNE-493 (Standard) is the analytical standard of GNE-493 (HY-10811). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. GNE-493 is a potent, selective, and orally available dual pan-PI3-Kinase/mTOR inhibitor with IC50s of 3.4 nM, 12 nM, 16 nM, 16 nM and 32 nM for PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, PI3Kγ and mTOR.
    GNE-493 (Standard)
  • HY-10683R
    PKi-402 (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    PKi-402 (Standard) is the analytical standard of PKi-402 (HY-10683). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. PKi-402 is a selective, reversible, ATP-competitive inhibitor of PI3K, including PI3K-α mutants, and mTOR (IC50=2, 3, 7,14 and 16 nM for PI3Kα, mTOR, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ).
    PK<sub>i</sub>-402 (Standard)
  • HY-134922
    NS1-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    NS1-IN-1 (REDD1 inducer-1) is a naphthalimide compound and an NS1 inhibitor. NS1-IN-1 antagonizes influenza A virus NS1-mediated inhibition of host gene expression and induces REDD1 expression. NS1-IN-1 suppresses the mTORC1 signaling pathway via a TSC1-TSC2 dependent mechanism. NS1-IN-1 exhibits broad antiviral activity against influenza virus and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), with low toxicity.
    NS1-IN-1
  • HY-116191
    WJD008
    		Inhibitor
    WJD008 is a potent dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor with antiproliferative and anticlonogenic activity in tumor cells and transformed cells with PIK3CA mutant. WJD008 inhibits kinase activity of PI3K α and mTOR and abrogates insulin-like growth factor-I-activated PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling cascade. WJD008 is promising for research of cancers.
    WJD008
  • HY-107365R
    PQR530 (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    PQR530 (Standard) is the analytical standard of PQR530 (HY-107365). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. PQR530 is a potent, ATP-competitive, orally bioavailable and brain-penetrant dual pan-PI3K/mTORC1/2 inhibitor, with a subnanomolar Kd toward PI3Kα and mTOR (0.84 and 0.33 nM, respectively). Antitumor activity.
    PQR530 (Standard)
  • HY-13691R
    MKC-1 (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    MKC-1 (Standard) is the analytical standard of MKC-1. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. MKC-1 (Ro-31-7453) is an orally active and potent cell cycle inhibitor with broad antitumor activity. MKC-1 inhibits the Akt/mTOR pathway. MKC-1 arrests cellular mitosis and induces cell apoptosis by binding to a number of different cellular proteins including tubulin and members of the importin β family.
    MKC-1 (Standard)
  • HY-156484
    SPR519
    		Inhibitor
    SPR519 is a selective, orally active dual PI3Kα/mTOR kinase inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.03 μM against PI3Kα and an IC50 of 0.01 μM against mTOR. SPR519 exhibits anticancer effects in ovarian cancer and colon cancer xenograft models. SPR519 can be used for the research of solid tumors (ovarian cancer, colon cancer).
    SPR519
  • HY-185457
    BrAC-GGFG-Aminal-PI3K/mTOR-IN-21
    		Inhibitor
    BrAC-GGFG-Aminal-PI3K/mTOR-IN-21 is a conjugate of PI3K/mTOR-IN-21 (HY-185456) and Linker.
    BrAC-GGFG-Aminal-PI3K/mTOR-IN-21
  • HY-10071R
    Y-27632 (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Y-27632 (Standard) is the analytical standard of Y-27632 (HY-10071). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Y-27632 is a ROCK inhibitor with Ki values of 220 nM and 300 nM for ROCK1 and ROCK2, respectively. Y-27632 exerts anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in systemic lupus erythematosus models by inhibiting the ROCK/NF-κB pathway. Y-27632 enhances autophagy by inhibiting the AKT/mTOR pathway, thereby inducing apoptosis apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Y-27632 induces the formation of tunneling nanotubes in ARPE-19 cells and significantly enhances mitochondrial transfer through these channels. Y-27632 promotes neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells by activating the Rac1/NOX1/ROS/AKT/PAK1 signaling cascade.
    Y-27632 (Standard)
  • HY-10218S1
    Everolimus-13C2,d4
    		Inhibitor
    Everolimus-13C2,d4 (RAD001-13C2,d4) is 13C labeled Everolimus. Everolimus (RAD001) is a Rapamycin (HY-10219) derivative and a potent, selective and orally active mTOR1 inhibitor. Everolimus binds to FKBP-12 to generate an immunosuppressive complex. Everolimus inhibits tumor cells proliferation and induces cell apoptosis and autophagy. Everolimus has potent immunosuppressive and anticancer activities.
    Everolimus-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>2</sub>,d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-N0695R
    Schisantherin B (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Schisantherin B (Gomisin-B) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Schisantherin B. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Schisantherin B is a lignan compound and one of the active components of Schisandra chinensis. Schisantherin B activates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, restores the activity of GSK3β, and reduces the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in hippocampal and cerebral cortical tissues. Schisantherin B upregulates the level of GLT-1, decreases the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α/IL-1β/IL-6, upregulates the expression of IL-10, and inhibits cell apoptosis. Schisantherin B is applicable to the research of spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and depression.
    Schisantherin B (Standard)
  • HY-100470R
    NSC781406 (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    NSC781406 (Standard) is the analytical standard of NSC781406 (HY-100470). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. NSC781406 is a highly potent PI3K and mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 2 nM for PI3Kα.
    NSC781406 (Standard)
  • HY-110038
    FTI-277 TFA
    		Inhibitor
    FTI-277 TFA is a farnesyltransferase (FTase) inhibitor. FTI-277 TFA inhibits Ras farnesylation, blocks the phosphorylation of downstream ERK1/2 and mTOR, and reduces membrane-bound active N-ras protein. FTI-277 TFA activates caspase 3, upregulates Bim expression, induces cell apoptosis, suppresses regulatory T cell expansion, enhances macrophage phagocytosis, and improves bacterial clearance. FTI-277 TFA activates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, inhibits osteoblast differentiation, and reduces the proliferation ability of neuroblastoma cells. FTI-277 TFA can be used in research related to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, neuroblastoma, sepsis, and vascular calcification.
    FTI-277 TFA
  • HY-16397AR
    Phenformin hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Phenformin (Phenethylbiguanide) hydrochloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Phenformin hydrochloride (HY-16397). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Phenformin hydrochloride (Phenethylbiguanide) is an orally active biguanide hypoglycemic agent. Phenformin hydrochloride inhibits mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, leading to an increased AMP/ATP ratio, activation of AMPK, and subsequent inhibition of the mTOR pathway, thereby suppressing cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis and autophagy. Phenformin hydrochloride inhibits cancer stem cells (CSCs) and possesses potent antitumor potential.
    Phenformin hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-164384
    DFX117
    		Inhibitor
    DFX117 is a selective, orally active inhibitor for PI3Kα and c-Met tyrosine kinase. DFX117 inhibits PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, inhibits the proliferation of NCI-H1975, NCI-H1993, and HCC827 with IC50s 0.02-0.08 µM. DFX117 arrests cell cycle at G0/G1 phase, induces apoptosis in A549 and NCI-H1975. DFX117 exhibits antitumor efficacy in mice.
    DFX117
  • HY-162023
    mTOR inhibitor-10
    		Inhibitor
    mTOR inhibitor-10 (Compound 9c) is a selective inhibitor for mTOR. mTOR inhibitor-10 inhibits mTOR and PI3K-α, with IC50 of 0.7 and 825 nM. mTOR inhibitor-10 inhibits proliferation of LNCaP with IC50 of 87 nM.
    mTOR inhibitor-10
  • HY-N4247R
    Kuwanon G (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Kuwanon G (Standard) is the analytical standard of Kuwanon G (HY-N4247). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Kuwanon G is a flavonoid compound and an antagonist of the bombesin receptor. Kuwanon G has multiple activities such as bactericidal, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-atherosclerotic, and neuroprotective effects. Kuwanon G exhibits strong antibacterial activity against oral pathogens, especially cariogenic bacteria and periodontal pathogens. Kuwanon G can induce apoptosis and inhibit proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells. Kuwanon G can be used in the research of diseases such as gastric cancer and atherosclerosis.
    Kuwanon G (Standard)
  • HY-B0921R
    Succinylsulfathiazole (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Succinylsulfathiazole (Standard) (Succinylsulphathiazole) is the analytical standard of Succinylsulfathiazole (HY-B0921). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Succinylsulfathiazole is a long-acting sulfonamide antibiotic with localized gut-specific antibacterial activity and is orally active. Succinylsulfathiazole inhibits bacterial folate synthesis, reduces coliform counts, suppresses intestinal bacterial growth and vitamin biosynthesis, and depletes gut folate-producing bacteria. Succinylsulfathiazole modulates hepatic mTOR signaling, diminishes cecal fermentation, decreases hepatic folate levels and total folate excretion, elevates nitrogen excretion and reduces the fermentability of certain dietary fibers. Succinylsulfathiazole induces folate deficiency and triggers biotin- and folate-related nutritional deficiency symptoms in rats and C57BL/6 mice.
    Succinylsulfathiazole (Standard)
  • HY-N0787R
    Cryptochlorogenic acid (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Cryptochlorogenic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cryptochlorogenic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cryptochlorogenic acid is a natural product.
    Cryptochlorogenic acid (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download mTOR Signaling Pathway Map.

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway integrates both intracellular and extracellular signals and serves as a central regulator of cell metabolism, growth, proliferation and survival[1]. mTOR is the catalytic subunit of two distinct complexes called mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 comprises DEPTOR, PRAS40, RAPTOR, mLST8, mTOR, whereas mTORC2 comprises DEPTOR, mLST8, PROTOR, RICTOR, mSIN1, mTOR[2]. Rapamycin binds to FKBP12 and inhibits mTORC1 by disrupting the interaction between mTOR and RAPTOR. mTORC1 negatively regulates autophagy through multiple inputs, including inhibitory phosphorylation of ULK1 and TFEB. mTORC1 promotes protein synthesis through activation of the translation initiation promoter S6K and through inhibition of the inhibitory mRNA cap binding 4E-BP1, and regulates glycolysis through HIF-1α. It promotes de novo lipid synthesis through the SREBP transcription factors. mTORC2 inhibits FOXO1,3 through SGK and Akt, which can lead to increased longevity. The complex also regulates actin cytoskeleton assembly through PKC and Rho kinase[3]. 

 

Growth factors: Growth factors can signal to mTORC1 through both PI3K-Akt and Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK axis. For example, ERK and RSK phosphorylate TSC2, and inhibit it.

 

Insulin Receptor: The activated insulin receptor recruits intracellular adaptor protein IRS1. Phosphorylation of these proteins on tyrosine residues by the insulin receptor initiates the recruitment and activation of PI3K. PIP3 acts as a second messenger which promotes the phosphorylation of Akt and triggers the Akt-dependent multisite phosphorylation of TSC2. TSC is a heterotrimeric complex comprised of TSC1, TSC2, and TBC1D7, and functions as a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for the small GTPase Rheb, which directly binds and activates mTORC1. mTORC2 primarily functions as an effector of insulin/PI3K signaling. 

 

Wnt: The Wnt pathway activates mTORC1. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) acts as a negative regulator of mTORC1 by phosphorylating TSC2. mTORC2 is activated by Wnt in a manner dependent on the small GTPase RAC1[4].

 

Amino acids: mTORC1 senses both lysosomal and cytosolic amino acids through distinct mechanisms. Amino acids induce the movement of mTORC1 to lysosomal membranes, where the Rag proteins reside. A complex named Ragulator, interact with the Rag GTPases, recruits them to lysosomes through a mechanism dependent on the lysosomal v-ATPase, and is essential for mTORC1 activation. In turn, lysosomal recruitment enables mTORC1 to interact with GTP-bound RHEB, the end point of growth factor. Cytosolic leucine and arginine signal to mTORC1 through a distinct pathway comprised of the GATOR1 and GATOR2 complexes.    

 

Stresses: mTORC1 responds to intracellular and environmental stresses that are incompatible with growth such as low ATP levels, hypoxia, or DNA damage. A reduction in cellular energy charge, for example during glucose deprivation, activates the stress responsive metabolic regulator AMPK, which inhibits mTORC1 both indirectly, through phosphorylation and activation of TSC2, as well as directly through the phosphorylation of RAPTOR. Sestrin1/2 are two transcriptional targets of p53 that are implicated in the DNA damage response, and they potently activate AMPK, thus mediating the p53-dependent suppression of mTOR activity upon DNA damage. During hypoxia, mitochondrial respiration is impaired, leading to low ATP levels and activation of AMPK. Hypoxia also affects mTORC1 in AMPK-independent ways by inducing the expression of REDD1, the protein products of which then suppress mTORC1 by promoting the assembly of TSC1-TSC2[2].

 

Reference:

[1]. Laplante M, et al.mTOR signaling at a glance.J Cell Sci. 2009 Oct 15;122(Pt 20):3589-94. 
[2]. Zoncu R, et al. mTOR: from growth signal integration to cancer, diabetes and ageing.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Jan;12(1):21-35. 
[3]. Johnson SC, et al. mTOR is a key modulator of ageing and age-related disease.Nature. 2013 Jan 17;493(7432):338-45.
[4]. Shimobayashi M, et al. Making new contacts: the mTOR network in metabolism and signalling crosstalk.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2014 Mar;15(3):155-62.

mTOR Isoform Comparison

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