2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-169652
    NPC26
    		98.0%
    NPC26 is a small molecule mitochondrial disruptor with anti-tumor activity. NPC-26 shows significant anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects on CRC cell lines (HCT-116, DLD-1, and HT-29). NPC26 can damage mitochondrial function, leading to the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and the production of reactive oxygen species, ultimately inducing cell death. NPC-26 can kill CRC cells by activating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway.
    NPC26
  • HY-N0328R
    alpha-Mangostin (Standard)
    alpha-Mangostin (Standard) is the analytical standard of alpha-Mangostin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. alpha-Mangostin (α-Mangostin) is a dietary xanthone with broad biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-allergic, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. It is an inhibitor of mutant IDH1 (IDH1-R132H) with a Ki of 2.85 μM.
    alpha-Mangostin (Standard)
  • HY-179494
    M464
    		Inhibitor 99.58%
    M464, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound, is a potent and orally active NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor. M464 inhibits pyroptosis and hinders the activation of downstream Caspase-1 expression and the release of IL-1β by impeding ASC oligomerisation and curtailing ROS production. M464 exhibits protective effects against acute lung and liver injury in mice. M464 can be used for the research of NLRP3-related inflammatory diseases.
    M464
  • HY-N12394
    Norwogonin-8-O-glucuronide
    		99.31%
    Norwogonin-8-O-glucuronide is a glucuronide that can be isolated from Scutellaria indica. Norwogonin-8-O-glucuronide has anti-inflammatory activity. Norwogonin-8-O-glucuronide is a flavone glycoside. Norwogonin-8-O-glucuronide inhibits NO production in macrophage RAW264.7 cells with an IC50 above 30 μM.
    Norwogonin-8-O-glucuronide
  • HY-B0722R
    Histamine dihydrochloride (Standard)
    Histamine dihydrochloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Histamine dihydrochloride (HY-B0722). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Histamine dihydrochloride is the agonist for histamine receptor and a vasodilator. Histamine dihydrochloride is an organic nitrogen compound that participates in local immune responses, regulates intestinal physiological functions, and acts as a neurotransmitter. Histamine dihydrochloride affects p38 MAPK/Akt signaling pathway, exhibits antitumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Histamine dihydrochloride can be used in the research of acute myeloid leukemia, malignant melanoma, and renal cell carcinoma.
    Histamine dihydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-178239A
    DX-8951 Hydroxy-acid sodium
    		Inhibitor 98.65%
    DX-8951 Hydroxy-acid sodium is a prodrug of phosphoramide. DX-8951 Hydroxy-acid sodium can effectively increase intracellular ATP levels. DX-8951 Hydroxy-acid sodium activates the AMPK signaling pathway by increasing the AMP/ATP ratio. DX-8951 Hydroxy-acid sodium can enhance mitochondrial function and antioxidant capacity while reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. DX-8951 Hydroxy-acid sodium has shown significant anti-aging and longevity effects in both human fibroblast and nematode models.
    DX-8951 Hydroxy-acid sodium
  • HY-N0733S4
    Glucosamine-15N hydrochloride
    		99%
    Glucosamine-15N (hydrochloride) is the 15N labeled Glucosamine hydrochloride. Glucosamine hydrochloride (D-Glucosamine hydrochloride) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, is used as a
    Glucosamine-<sup>15</sup>N hydrochloride
  • HY-N10450
    Kumujian A
    		Inhibitor 98.32%
    Kumujian A (1-Ethoxycarbonyl-β-carboline), an anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits both superoxide anion generation (IC50 = 4.87 μg/mL) and elastase release (IC50 = 6.29 μg/mL).
    Kumujian A
  • HY-N8253
    Spiraeoside
    		Inhibitor 99.46%
    Spiraeoside, an orally active natural compound, exerts antioxidant activity, inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde production. Spiraeoside possesses antiallergic, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities.
    Spiraeoside
  • HY-126752A
    Ophthalmic acid TFA
    		99.48%
    Ophthalmic acid TFA, an analogue of GSH, is a marker of oxidative stress and hepatic GSH consumption. Ophthalmic acid TFA is an inhibitor of Glyoxalase I reaction.
    Ophthalmic acid TFA
  • HY-W419589
    Xanthomicrol
    		Inducer 99.14%
    Xanthomicrol is extracted from the resin of the plant called Chinese bellflower (a member of the Scrophulariaceae family) and is a monoamine oxidase (MAOs) inhibitor. Xanthomicrol has anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties, with IC50 values of 0.88 and 1.69 μg/mL in HL60 and K562 cells. Xanthomicrol's the main metabolite of 5DT in mouse colon, and it can reduce levels of iNOS protein and mRNA, as well as COX-2 protein levels. Additionally, Xanthomicrol decreases the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and induces the expression of the antioxidant enzyme HO-1.
    Xanthomicrol
  • HY-N2008
    Luteolin 5-O-glucoside
    		Inhibitor ≥98.0%
    Luteolin 5-O-glucoside, a major flavonoidfrom Cirsium maackii, possesses anti-inflammatory activity. Luteolin 5-O-glucoside inhibits LPS-induced NO production and t-BHP-induced ROS generation. Luteolin 5-O-glucoside suppresses the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in macrophages.
    Luteolin 5-O-glucoside
  • HY-N0393R
    Glabridin (Standard)
    Glabridin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Glabridin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Glabridin is a natural isoflavan from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, binds to and activates PPARγ, with an EC50 of 6115 nM. Glabridin exhibits antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-nephritic, anti-diabetic, anti-fungal, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiosteoporotic, cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective and radical scavenging activities.
    Glabridin (Standard)
  • HY-B2127
    Azobenzene
    		98.0%
    Azobenzene can be used as an optical trigger for the design and synthesis of a large variety of photoresponsive systems.
    Azobenzene
  • HY-B1272AS
    Desipramine-d4
    		98.93%
    Desipramine-d4 is the deuterium labeled Desipramine (HY-B1272A). Desipramine is a first-generation tricyclic antidepressant. Desipramine selectively binds to norepinephrine transporter and blocks neuronal norepinephrine reuptake. Desipramine activates MAPK signaling via ERK1/2, JNK, and p38, represses NF-κB and AP-1 activity, and induces apoptosis via ROS elevation, mitochondrial membrane potential reduction, and intracellular calcium increase. Desipramine also shows anyi-inflammatory activity, inhibiting TNF-α production. Desipramine can be used for the research of hepatocellular cancer, inflammation, and neurological diseases.
    Desipramine-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-124313
    1-Methyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide
    		Inhibitor
    1-Methyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide is a derivative of nicotinamide, with radical scavenging activity.
    1-Methyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide
  • HY-B2239R
    Riboflavin Tetrabutyrate (Standard)
    Riboflavin Tetrabutyrate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Riboflavin Tetrabutyrate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Riboflavin Tetrabutyrate is a lipophilic flavin derivative with antioxidative and lipid peroxide-removing activity.
    Riboflavin Tetrabutyrate (Standard)
  • HY-114911
    Feprazone
    		Inhibitor 99.88%
    Feprazone (DA2370; Prenazone), an analogue of Phenylbutazone (HY-B0230), is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic activities. Feprazone acts by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Feprazone ameliorates free fatty acid (FFA)-induced oxidative stress by reducing the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Feprazone can decrease the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Besides, Feprazone can suppress adipogenesis and increase lipolysis in differentiating 3 T3-L1 cells. Feprazone also can be used to research atherosclerosis and obesity.
    Feprazone
  • HY-P991381
    JST-TfR09
    		Agonist 99.59%
    JST‑TfR09 (PPMX‑T003) is a human monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1/CD71). JST‑TfR09 blocks the binding of transferrin to TfR1, inhibits TfR1 internalization, and suppresses cellular iron uptake. JST‑TfR09 triggers ferritin degradation via activating the autolysosomal system, promotes ROS production and lipid peroxidation, and ultimately induces ferroptosis. JST‑TfR09 exhibits cytotoxicity toward human erythroblasts differentiated from hematopoietic stem cells. JST-TfR09 can be used in leukemia research. Recommended isotype control: Human IgG1 lambda, Isotype Control (HY-P99992).
    JST-TfR09
  • HY-122949
    Momordicine I
    		Agonist
    Momordicine I is a cucurbitane-type triterpenoids. Momordicine I suppresses glioma growth by promoting apoptosis and impairing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Momordicine I inhibits glycolysis, lipid metabolism, induces autophagy in HNC cells to suppress head and neck cancer growth. Momordicine I alleviates isoproterenol-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through suppression of PLA2G6 and DGK-ζ. Momordicine I exerts its cardiovascular benefits by upregulating nitric oxide, inhibiting the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), activating the PI3K/Akt pathway, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Momordicine I inhibits AKT1, IL-6, and SRC, suggesting its potential application in type 2 diabetes.
    Momordicine I
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity