Influenza Virus Infection

3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,4-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid), naturally isolated from Laggera alata, has antioxidative, DNA protective, neuroprotective and hepatoprotective properties. 3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid exerts apoptosis-mediated cytotoxicity and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects. 3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid possesses a unique mechanism of anti-influenza viral activity, that is, enhancing viral clearance by increasing TRAIL.

Urolithin M5 (Decarboxyellagic acid) is an orally active influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor and neuroprotective agent, with IC₅₀ values of 174.8 μM (HK68), 191.5 μM (pdm09), 243.2 μM (WSN) and 257.1 μM (PR8) against four influenza virus neuraminidases, respectively. Urolithin M5 inhibits viral neuraminidase activity, thereby blocking influenza virus replication (including oseltamivir (HY-13317)-resistant strains), protecting infected mammals from death and improving pulmonary edema. Urolithin M5 forms a hydrogen-bond stabilized complex with IGF1R, and binds to MAPK14, AKT1, NFKB1 and EGFR. Urolithin M5 reduces reactive oxygen species production, inhibits neuronal apoptosis, restores mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and promotes neurite outgrowth of damaged neuronal cells. Urolithin M5 can be used in research related to influenza virus infection and Alzheimer's disease.

Pam2CSK4 TFA is a TLR2 agonist. Pam2CSK4 TFA induces the expression of iNOS and NO in macrophage cell lines via TBK1 and MyD88 molecules. Pam2CSK4 TFA activates the NF-κB and Bruton's tyrosine kinase signaling pathways in platelets, and promotes platelet-endothelial cell interactions. TLR2 activation triggered by Pam2CSK4 TFA expands myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and suppresses anti-tumor immune responses in the tumor microenvironment. Pam2CSK4 TFA acts as a Th2-polarizing adjuvant in mouse vaccine models against Leishmania major and Brugia malayi. Pam2CSK4 TFA can be used in the research of various diseases, including thromboinflammatory diseases, sepsis, atherosclerosis, heart failure, influenza, lymphoma, melanoma, cutaneous leishmaniasis and lymphatic filariasis.

Biotin-DADOO (Biotinyl-3,6-dioxaoctanediamine; EZ-Link Amine-PEO2-Biotin) is a biotin-containing amine compound and a biotinylation reagent. As an amino component, Biotin-DADOO participates in the nucleophilic ring-opening reaction of epoxidized ω-double bonds during the synthesis of biotinylated inhibitor derivatives. Biotin-DADOO can be conjugated with carboxymethyl cellulose derivatives. Biotin-DADOO is involved in the synthesis of biotin-estradiol conjugates for enzyme immunoassays. Biotin-DADOO can be used in the research of influenza A.

MEDI-8852 is a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody against influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA). MEDI-8852 binds to the conserved HA stalk epitope and neutralizes viral infectivity. MEDI-8852 reduces viral titers in mouse lung tissues. MEDI-8852 is applicable to research related to pandemic influenza. Recommended isotype control: Human IgG1 kappa, Isotype Control (HY-P99001).

AM-001 is a selective Epac1 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ value of 47.8-53.7 μM. AM-001 blocks cAMP (Cyclic AMP) (HY-B1511)-induced conformational changes of Epac1, inhibits Epac1-dependent activation of Rap1, and does not compete with cAMP for binding to Epac1. AM-001 disrupts the formation of the Epac1-GRK5 complex, blocks nuclear import of GRK5, and inhibits GRK5-mediated nuclear export of HDAC5 and activation of MEF2. AM-001 can be used in research related to heart disease, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, SARS-CoV-2 infection, influenza A virus infection, atrial fibrillation and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid is an orally active anthraquinone compound and Antibacterial agent. Anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid can be isolated from Bajitian. Anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid inhibits the activation of DPP-IV, COX-2, NF-κB and AP-1. Anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid blocks IAV-induced activation of the RIG-I/STAT1 pathway, alleviates IAV-mediated weight loss, and protects against lethal IAV infection. Anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid inhibits the growth of various Staphylococcus strains. It possesses potent anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, analgesic and antibacterial activities.\n

Carbinoxamine maleate salt is a blood-brain barrier-permeable histamine H1 receptor antagonist. Carbinoxamine maleate salt blocks the action of histamine on H1 receptors, reducing symptoms such as sneezing, rhinitis, rhinorrhea, erythema, pruritus and urticaria. Carbinoxamine maleate salt inhibits influenza virus entry into cells via endocytosis, targets the early stage of the viral life cycle, and simultaneously reduces viral replication levels in the lungs, alleviating pathological damage and inflammatory responses in lung tissues. Carbinoxamine maleate salt can be used in research on allergic rhinitis, influenza, etc.

17-HDHA is a DHA-derived specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM). 17-HDHA inhibits NF-κB activation by activating PPARγ and upregulating IκBα, targets FPR2 and Bcl-6, and also acts as a precursor of RvD1 and PD1. 17-HDHA inhibits pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation, regulates the expression of adiponectin, GLUT-4 and inflammatory cytokines, suppresses IgE production by B cells and promotes antibody secretion. 17-HDHA reduces adipose tissue inflammation, improves insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, alleviates pathological processes associated with pulmonary hypertension, and enhances antibody responses and virus neutralizing activity against influenza HA. 17-HDHA can be used in research related to obesity-associated inflammation, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, pulmonary hypertension and influenza virus infection.

Antrafenine (Stakane) is a derivative of 2-(quinolin-4-ylamino) benzoate, and is an orally active anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent. Antrafenine protects mammalian epithelial cells from cell death upon exposure to influenza A virus A/WSN/33 (H1N1). Antrafenine inhibits carrageenan-induced paw swelling in rats, and reduces exudate volume and total leukocyte infiltration in carrageenan- and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal-induced pleurisy in rats. Antrafenine can be used in studies related to influenza and pseudogout.

Licoflavone B is an orally active flavonoid, with IC₅₀ values of 23.78 μM and 31.5 μM against SmATPase and SmADPase of Schistosoma mansoni, respectively. Licoflavone B selectively targets viral RdRp, inhibits viral replication, and reduces the expression levels of viral NP and PB2. Licoflavone B inhibits c-Myc expression and suppresses cancer cell proliferation. Licoflavone B disrupts the tegument of worms, reduces egg production, and induces the death of adult Schistosoma mansoni. Licoflavone B blocks the activation of the MAPK pathway, maintains colonic barrier integrity, inhibits colonic cell apoptosis, and reshapes the gut microbiota. Licoflavone B can be used in research related to influenza, multiple myeloma, schistosomiasis, and ulcerative colitis.

3-Deoxysappanchalcone is a natural chalcone compound isolated from the heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan L. 3-Deoxysappanchalcone induces cell cycle arrest, ROS production, and apoptosis. 3-Deoxysappanchalcone exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anticoagulant, and antithrombotic activities. 3-Deoxysappanchalcone is applicable to research related to lung cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, thrombosis, and influenza virus infection.

Navivumab (CT-P23) is a monoclonal antibody targeting the hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A virus. Navivumab binds to the HA2 stem fusion domain and the low-variability HA2 region of influenza viruses. Navivumab neutralizes influenza A viruses of subtypes H1, H2, H5, and H9. Navivumab is applicable to research related to influenza and influenza A.

Influenza NP (311-325) TFA is an Influenza A nucleoprotein peptide. Influenza NP (311-325) TFA is a class II restricted epitope. Influenza NP (311-325) Influenza NP (311-325) TFA fused to OVA protein can be used for immunological response studies.

Pam2Cys (Dipalmitoyl-S-glyceryl-cysteine; S-[2,3-Bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl]cysteine) is a TLR2 agonist and immunostimulant. Pam2Cys binds to TLR2 to activate dendritic cells and trigger the TLR2-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway. Pam2Cys also induces dendritic cell maturation by upregulating the expression of cell surface MHC II molecules. Pam2Cys activates innate immune signaling pathways, drives pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial responses, enhances the expression of macrophage activation markers, increases phagocytic activity, induces the release of IL-12 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and polarizes macrophages into a pro-inflammatory, antimicrobial phenotype without interfering with IL-10-induced macrophage polarization. Pam2Cys also serves as the lipid moiety in synthetic lipopeptide vaccines and possesses self-adjuvant properties. Pam2Cys enhances the immunogenicity of conjugated peptide segments and induces cellular and humoral immune responses. However, it does not activate CD4 T cells in mouse splenocyte cultures when used alone. Pam2Cys activates pulmonary TLR2 signaling pathways, triggers innate immune responses, recruits neutrophils and macrophages, induces the secretion of various cytokines, alleviates symptoms and damages associated with influenza A virus infection in mice without impairing adaptive immunity. Pam2Cys can be used in studies related to tuberculosis and influenza A virus infection.

Anti-Influenza agent 10 (Compound 41) is an influenza A virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitor. Anti-Influenza agent 10 exhibits potent antiviral activity against A/PR/8/34(H1N1) with an IC₅₀ of 0.29μM and a K_D of 4.11 μM. Anti-Influenza agent 10 can inhibit the assembly of the viral RdRp complex by disrupting the protein interaction between PA and PB1 subunits, thereby blocking the transcription and replication of the viral genome. Anti-Influenza agent 10 shows significant broad-spectrum effects on multiple influenza virus strains, such as H3N2, H3N8 and H9N2 with IC₅₀ values of 3.96, 1.91 and 1.45 μM. Anti-Influenza agent 10 can be used for the research of influenza A Virus Infection.

VIS-410 is an antibody inhibitor targeting the stem region of hemagglutinin (HA). VIS-410 inhibits influenza virus replication by blocking HA-mediated membrane fusion. VIS-410 exhibits broad-spectrum neutralization against influenza A viruses with group 1 and group 2 hemagglutinins, including subtypes such as H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, and H7N9 (H5N1 IC₅₀ = 1.5 μg/mL). VIS-410 is applicable to research related to influenza A virus infection.

Strictinin is an orally active phenolic compound. Strictinin reduces xanthine oxidase activity, uric acid production, and the activation of ERK1/2, JNK, NF-κB, and NLRP3 inflammasome components in hepatocytes treated with Xanthine (HY-W017389). Strictinin decreases elevated serum uric acid levels and enhanced xanthine oxidase activity in mice treated with potassium oxonate. Strictinin acts as a ROR1 inhibitor and exhibits anticancer activity against highly aggressive non-androgen-dependent prostate cancer. Strictinin induces cancer cell apoptosis (apoptosis), arrests cell cycle, and inhibits cancer cell migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Strictinin modulates gut microbiota, inhibits bacterial growth and biofilm formation, accelerates small intestinal transit, and blocks viral entry and replication. Strictinin can be used in research related to hyperuricemia, androgen receptor-negative non-androgen-dependent prostate cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, bacterial infections, constipation, coronavirus infections, dental caries, and infections caused by influenza A, influenza B, and human parainfluenza virus type 1.

Pinellic acid is an orally active adjuvant for intranasal influenza vaccines. Pinellic acid can be extracted from the tubers of Pinellia ternata Breitenbach. When administered intranasally in combination with influenza HA vaccine, Pinellic acid slightly increases the titers of antiviral IgG antibodies in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum. Pinellic acid shows no hemolytic activity. Pinellic acid can be used in studies related to influenza virus infection.

Anti-Influenza agent 11 (compound L08) is an inhibitor of Influenza Virus and can be used in the research of influenza virus infection.