Rutaceae

Ammonium iron(III) citrate (Ammonium ferric citrate), a physiological form of nonetransferrin-bound iron, induces intracellular iron overload to cause ferroptosis. Ammonium iron(III) citrate can enhance protein production.

Berberine chloride is an alkaloid that acts as an antibiotic. Berberine chloride induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inhibits DNA topoisomerase. Antineoplastic properties.

Naringenin is the predominant flavanone in Citrus reticulata Blanco; displays strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Naringenin has anti-dengue virus (DENV) activity.

Hesperidin (Hesperetin 7-rutinoside), a flavanone glycoside, is isolated from citrus fruits. Hesperidin has numerous biological properties, such as decreasing inflammatory mediators and exerting significant antioxidant effects. Hesperidin also exhibits antitumor and antiallergic activities.

Nobiletin is a poly-methoxylated flavone from the citrus peel that improves memory loss. Nobiletin is a retinoid acid receptor-related orphan receptors (RORs) agonist. Nobiletin can reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in differentiated C2C12 myotubes and has anti-inflammation and anti-cancer properties, including anti-angiogenesis, anti-proliferation, anti-metastasis and induced apoptosis.

Evofolin A is a conjugated benzophenone derivative and monocyclic polyketide that exists in the heartwood of Phellodendron chinense var. glabriusculum, the herb Sida acuta, and the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Evofolin A acts as an inducer of quinone reductase activity in cultured hepatoma cells.

Casimiroin is a QR2 and Aromatase inhibitor, with an IC₅₀ of 54.1 μM against QR2 and an IC₅₀ of 3.92 μM against aromatase. Casimiroin exhibits antimutagenic activity and inhibits DMBA (HY-W011845)-induced mutations in Salmonella typhimurium. Casimiroin suppresses DMBA-induced precancerous lesions in mouse mammary organ cultures. Casimiroin can be used in breast cancer-related research.

Fagarine II is an alkaloid found in the leaves and twigs of Fagara coco. Alkaloids are a large class of complex nitrogen-containing basic organic compounds. As food, nutritional supplements, and medicines, alkaloids play an important role in medicine and other fields. Alkaloid compounds exhibit good biological activities in anti-inflammatory, anticancer, analgesic, local anesthetic, neuropharmacological, antibacterial, and antifungal properties.

Naringin is a major flavanone glycoside obtained from tomatoes, grapefruits, and many other citrus fruits. Naringin exhibits biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. Naringin also inhibits proliferation and invasion and induces apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells by inhibiting zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (Zeb1).

Raloxifene hydrochloride (Keoxifene hydrochloride) is a second generation selective and orally active estrogen receptor modulator. Raloxifene hydrochloride produces estrogen-agonistic effects on bone and lipid metabolism and estrogen-antagonistic effects on uterine endometrium and breast tissue.

Diosmin is a flavonoid found in a variety of citrus fruits and also an agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR).

Diosmetin is a natural flavonoid which inhibits human CYP1A enzyme activity with an IC₅₀ of 40 μM in HepG2 cell.

Evodiamine is an alkaloid isolated from the fruit of Evodia rutaecarpa Bentham with diverse biological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and antitumor.

Palmatine chloride is an orally active and irreversible indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1) inhibitor with IC₅₀s of 3 μM and 157μM against HEK 293-hIDO-1 and rhIDO-1, respectively. Palmatine chloride can also inhibit West Nile virus (WNV) NS2B-NS3 protease in an uncompetitive manner with an IC₅₀ of 96 μM. Palmatine chloride shows anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection, antibacterial, anti-viral activities.

Eriocitrin is a flavonoid isolated from lemons that is a powerful antioxidant. Eriocitrin inhibits the proliferation of liver cancer cells by arresting the cell cycle in the S phase by upregulating p53, cyclin A, cyclin D3 and CDK6. Eriocitrin triggers apoptosis by activating intrinsic signaling pathways involving mitochondria.

Neohesperidin is a flavonoid compound abundant in citrus plants with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Neohesperidin can upregulate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, enhance the nuclear translocation of β-catenin and the differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells.

Narirutin, one of the active constituents isolated from citrus fruits, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Narirutin is a shikimate kinase inhibitor with anti-tubercular potency.

Obacunone is a highly oxidized triterpenoid limonoid isolated from citrus plants. Obacunone exerts its anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis. Obacunone also protects retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells from ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UVR)-induced oxidative damage.

Rutaecarpine, an alkaloid of Evodia rutaecarpa, is an inhibitor of COX-2 with an IC₅₀ value of 0.28 μM. Rutaecarpine can target and activate the NRF2/HO-1 pathway to reduce craniofacial injury. Rutaecarpine sttenuates oxidative stress-induced traumatic brain injury (TBI) and reduces secondary injury via the PGK1/KEAP1/NRF2 signaling pathway. Rutaecarpine can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB).

Bergamottin is a potent and competitive CYP1A1 inhibitor with a K_i of 10.703 nM.