Cat. No.: HY-N0110

Palmatine chloride

9 Cited Publications

Customer Review

Based on 9 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Palmatine chloride is an orally active and irreversible indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1) inhibitor with IC₅₀s of 3 μM and 157μM against HEK 293-hIDO-1 and rhIDO-1, respectively. Palmatine chloride can also inhibit West Nile virus (WNV) NS2B-NS3 protease in an uncompetitive manner with an IC₅₀ of 96 μM. Palmatine chloride shows anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection, antibacterial, anti-viral activities.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 99.87%
CAS No.: 10605-02-4
Formula: C₂₁H₂₂ClNO₄
Molecular Weight:387.86

Storage:

4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture and light

* In solvent : -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)

Palmatine chloride Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 10605-02-4

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Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- Cellular Effect
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Chemical Information
Publications (9)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Purity & Documentation
References
Help & FAQs
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

IC₅₀ & Target^[1]

IDO-1

3 μM (IC₅₀, HEK 293-hIDO-1)

IDO-1

157 μM (IC₅₀, rhIDO-1)

WNV NS2B-NS3

96 μM (IC₅₀)

All mAChR Isoforms :

All Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Isoforms :

All Aurora Kinase Isoforms :

All Parasite Isoforms :

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
G-402	GI₅₀	83.14 μM Compound: 3	Growth inhibition against human G402 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Growth inhibition against human G402 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 21401114]
HCT-116	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: Palmatine Chloride	Cytotoxicity against human HCT116 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HCT116 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 28359045]
HepG2	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: Palmatine Chloride	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 28359045]
HL-60	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: Palmatine Chloride	Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 28359045]
Huh-7	CC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: GNF-Pf-4086	NOVARTIS: Cytotoxicity against human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (Huh7) NOVARTIS: Cytotoxicity against human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (Huh7)	[PMID: 18579783]
KM12C	IC₅₀	393 μM Compound: B-11	Inhibition of cell proliferation of human KM12C cells incubated for 15 hrs by MTT assay Inhibition of cell proliferation of human KM12C cells incubated for 15 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 32391701]
L02	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: Palmatine Chloride	Cytotoxicity against human LO2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human LO2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 28359045]
SMMC-7721	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: Palmatine Chloride	Cytotoxicity against human SMMC7721 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human SMMC7721 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 28359045]

In Vitro

Palmatine (0-100 μM; 42 h) suppresses WNV with an EC₅₀ value of 3.6 μM, and reduce the viral titers of DENV-2 and YFV with EC₅₀ values of 26.4 μM and 7.3 μM, respectively^[3].
Palmatine (0-1128 μM; 24-72 h) inhibits colon cancer cell proliferation^[5].
Palmatine (0-704 μM; 24 h) reduces AURKA protein levels, induces G2/M phase arrest, and induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells via the mitochondrial associated pathway^[5].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Cell Proliferation Assay^[5]

Cell Line:

HCT-116, SW480, HT-29
Concentration:

0, 88, 176, 352, and 704 μM (HCT-116, SW480); 0, 141, 282, 564, and 1128 μM (HT-29)
Incubation Time:

24, 48 and 72 h
Result:

Decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner.

Western Blot Analysis^[5]

Cell Line:

HCT-116, SW480, HT-29
Concentration:

100 nM for HCT-116, 500 nM for SW480 and HT-29
Incubation Time:

24 h
Result:

Promoted the expression of apoptosis markers such as P53 / P73, Caspase3, and Caspase9. Reduced AURKA protein levels. Increased cyt. c in the cytoplasm while reduced Bcl2 and Bcl-xl in a dose-dependent manner.

Cell Cycle Analysis^[5]

Cell Line:

HCT-116, SW480
Concentration:

88, 176, 352 and 704 μM
Incubation Time:

24 h
Result:

Induced G2/M phase arrest in a dose-dependent manner.

Apoptosis Analysis^[5]

Cell Line:

HCT-116, SW480
Concentration:

88, 176, 352 and 704 μM
Incubation Time:

24 h
Result:

Induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner.

In Vivo

Palmatine (50 or 100 mg/kg; p.o.; daily for 7 days) ameliorates DSS (dextran sulfate sodium)-induced colitis and prevents infiltration of inflammatory cells^[1].
Palmatine (0-200 mg/kg; i.p.; once) attenuates D-galactosamine/Lipopolysaccharides (HY-D1056)-induced fulminant hepatic failure in mice^[2].
Palmatine (0-1 mg/kg; i.p.; 10 days) shows memory-enhancing activity in mice^[4].
Palmatine (33.75-135 mg/kg; p.o.; daily for 26 days) can effectively inhibit the growth of HCT-116 xenografts in mice^[5].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model:

DSS- induced Colitis BALB/c mice model (8-week-old)^[1]
Dosage:

50 or 100 mg/kg
Administration:

Orally, daily, for 7 days
Result:

Ameliorated DSS-induced colitis and prevented infiltration of inflammatory cells; remarkably extended the colon length; significantly suppressed the colonic MPO activity. Decreased the levels of colonic inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10); Protected mucosal integrity by modulating TJs protein and apoptosis proteins; Restored DSS-induced decreases of TJ protein ZO-1, ZO-2 and claudin-1; Reduced Bax expression and enhanced Bcl-2 expression at the dose of 100 mg/kg, prevented epithelial apoptosis and improved intestinal integrity. Prevented DSS-induced changes of gut microbiota in colitis mice.

Animal Model:

Male ICR mice (20–22 g), D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (GalN/LPS)-induced fulminant hepatic failure model^[2]
Dosage:

25, 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg
Administration:

Intraperitoneal injection, 1 h before the GalN/LPS treatment
Result:

Attenuated the mortality and serum aminotransferase activities increased by GalN/LPS. Prevented the increase of serum TNF-α and augmented that of serum IL-10. Decreased the TNF-a mRNA expression and increased the IL-10 mRNA expression. Attenuated the apoptosis of hepatocytes.

Animal Model:

Swiss young male albino mice, with Scopolamine (HY-N0296)- and diazepam-induced amnesia model^[4]
Dosage:

0.1, 0.5, 1 mg/kg
Administration:

Intraperitoneal injection, 10 days
Result:

Significantly improved learning and memory of mice at 0.5 and 1 mg/kg and did not show any significant effect on locomotor activity of the mice. Significantly reversed scopolamine- and diazepam-induced amnesia in mice. Significantly reduced brain acetylcholinesterase activity of mice.

Animal Model:

BALB/c-nude mice, HCT-116 xenograft model^[5]
Dosage:

33.75, 67.5 and 135 mg/kg
Administration:

Oral administration, once a day for 26 days
Result:

The tumor volume and weight of the treatment group were significantly reduced.

Chemical Information

CAS No. 10605-02-4
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 387.86
Formula C₂₁H₂₂ClNO₄
Color Light yellow to yellow
SMILES

COC1=C(OC)C2=C[N+]3=C(C4=CC(OC)=C(OC)C=C4CC3)C=C2C=C1.[Cl-]
Structure Classification
- Alkaloids
- Isoquinoline Alkaloids
Initial Source
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture and light

* In solvent : -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)

Publications (9)

All Bio/Physico-chemical AssayIn Vivo Efficacy StudyHistological Imaging/StainingCell Imaging/Staining

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Journal Impact Factor

Phytomedicine

Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction enhances Capecitabine-Oxaliplatin efficacy via Akkermansia muciniphila and CD8+ T cells in colorectal cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 4:148:157233. PMID: 40972261
J Ethnopharmacol

Berberine-silybin salt achieves improved anti-nonalcoholic fatty liver disease effect through regulating lipid metabolism. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 30;319(Pt 2):117238. PMID: 37774895
Inflammation

Palmatine Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury Via Suppression of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation, Pyroptosis, and Metabolic Remodeling. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 20;49(1):11. PMID: 41420798
Int Immunopharmacol

Palmatine attenuates the doxorubicin-induced inflammatory response, oxidative damage and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. [Abstract]

2022 May:106:108583. PMID: 35151220
Molecules

Discovery of Nine Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors from Coptis chinensis Using Virtual Screening, Bioactivity Evaluation, and Binding Studies. [Abstract]

2024 May 14;29(10):2304. PMID: 38792165

Palmatine chloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Molecules. 2024 May 14;29(10):2304. [Abstract]

The DPP-4 inhibitory activity of Palmatine chloride (10^-7-10^-3 M), demeasured using dose-response curves.
Biol Res

Palmatine ameliorates high fat diet induced impaired glucose tolerance. [Abstract]

2020 Sep 14;53(1):39. PMID: 32928312

Palmatine chloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biol Res. 2020 Sep 14;53(1):39. [Abstract]

Palmatine chloride (PAL) (40 mg/kg; p.o.; once daily for 10 weeks) significantly decreased 2-h blood glucose level in HFD-fed SD rats.

Palmatine chloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biol Res. 2020 Sep 14;53(1):39. [Abstract]

Palmatine chloride (PAL) (40 mg/kg; p.o.; once daily for 10 weeks) significantly decreased blood insulin levels in HFD-fed SD rats.

Palmatine chloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biol Res. 2020 Sep 14;53(1):39. [Abstract]

Palmatine chloride (PAL) (40 mg/kg; p.o.; once daily for 10 weeks) restored the loss of β cell mass in HFD-fed SD rats, with predominantly increased area that stained positive for insulin.

Palmatine chloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biol Res. 2020 Sep 14;53(1):39. [Abstract]

Palmatine chloride (PAL) (40 mg/kg; p.o.; once daily for 10 weeks) remarkably reduced the apoptotic rates in HFD-fed SD rats.
Drug Dev Res

Palmatine attenuates hepatocyte injury by promoting autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR pathway after alcoholic liver disease. [Abstract]

2022 Nov;83(7):1613-1622. PMID: 35976121
Vet Microbiol

The Chinese medicine monomer Schisandrin C inhibits PRRSV infection by regulating the OGT-PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2026 May:316:110992. PMID: 41865607
Oxid Med Cell Longev

Palmatine Protects against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Activation of the AMPK/Nrf2 Pathway. [Abstract]

2021 Mar 11:2021:6660193. PMID: 33777318

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : ≥ 32 mg/mL (82.50 mM; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

H₂O : 5 mg/mL (12.89 mM; Need ultrasonic)

* "≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

2.5782 mL

12.8912 mL

25.7825 mL

5 mM

0.5156 mL

2.5782 mL

5.1565 mL

10 mM

0.2578 mL

1.2891 mL

2.5782 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Concentration Concentration

Volume Volume

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Dilution Calculator

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

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In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.45 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.45 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:

It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.

The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: PBS

Solubility: 2.5 mg/mL (6.45 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage Dosage
mg/kg
Animal Weight (Per Animal) Animal Weight (Per Animal)
g
Dosing Volume (Per Animal) Dosing Volume (Per Animal)
μL
Number of Animals Number of Animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Please enter your animal formula composition:

%
DMSO +

Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
%
+
+
%
Tween-80 + +
%
Saline +

The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (287 KB)
SDS (392 KB)
- English - EN (392 KB)
- Français - FR (392 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (392 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (392 KB)
- Español - ES (392 KB)
- Swedish - SV (392 KB)
- Italian - IT (392 KB)
- Korean - KR (392 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (392 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Zhang XJ, et al. Palmatine ameliorated murine colitis by suppressing tryptophan metabolism and regulating gut microbiota.Pharmacol Res. 2018 Nov;137:34-46. [Content Brief]

[2]. Lee WC, et al. Palmatine attenuates D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced fulminant hepatic failure in mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010 Jan;48(1):222-8. [Content Brief]

[3]. Jia F, et al. Identification of palmatine as an inhibitor of West Nile virus. Arch Virol. 2010 Aug;155(8):1325-9. [Content Brief]

[4]. Dhingra D, et al. Memory-enhancing activity of palmatine in mice using elevated plus maze and morris water maze. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2012;2012:357368. [Content Brief]

[5]. Liu X, et al. Palmatine induces G2/M phase arrest and mitochondrial-associated pathway apoptosis in colon cancer cells by targeting AURKA. Biochem Pharmacol. 2020 May;175:113933. [Content Brief]

[6]. Long J, et al. Palmatine: A review of its pharmacology, toxicity and pharmacokinetics. Biochimie. 2019 Jul;162:176-184. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
H₂O / DMSO	1 mM	2.5782 mL	12.8912 mL	25.7825 mL	64.4562 mL
	5 mM	0.5156 mL	2.5782 mL	5.1565 mL	12.8912 mL
	10 mM	0.2578 mL	1.2891 mL	2.5782 mL	6.4456 mL
DMSO	15 mM	0.1719 mL	0.8594 mL	1.7188 mL	4.2971 mL
	20 mM	0.1289 mL	0.6446 mL	1.2891 mL	3.2228 mL
	25 mM	0.1031 mL	0.5156 mL	1.0313 mL	2.5782 mL
	30 mM	0.0859 mL	0.4297 mL	0.8594 mL	2.1485 mL
	40 mM	0.0645 mL	0.3223 mL	0.6446 mL	1.6114 mL
	50 mM	0.0516 mL	0.2578 mL	0.5156 mL	1.2891 mL
	60 mM	0.0430 mL	0.2149 mL	0.4297 mL	1.0743 mL
	80 mM	0.0322 mL	0.1611 mL	0.3223 mL	0.8057 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Palmatine chloride

9 Cited Publications

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Palmatine chloride

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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Palmatine chloride

All mAChR Isoforms

All Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Isoforms

All Aurora Kinase Isoforms

All Parasite Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information