Cat. No.: HY-N0110B

Palmatine hydroxide

10 Cited Publications

Customer Review

Based on 10 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Palmatine hydroxide is an orally active and irreversible indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1) inhibitor with IC₅₀s of 3 μM and 157μM against HEK 293-hIDO-1 and rhIDO-1, respectively. Palmatine hydroxide can also inhibit West Nile virus (WNV) NS2B-NS3 protease in an uncompetitive manner with an IC₅₀ of 96 μM. Palmatine hydroxide shows anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection, antibacterial, anti-viral activities.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 99.64%
CAS No.: 131-04-4
Formula: C₂₁H₂₃NO₅
Molecular Weight:369.41

Storage:

Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month

Palmatine hydroxide Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 131-04-4

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Fluorescent Dye

Strong Fluorescence Signal / Multi-Disciplinary Applications / High Fluorescence Specificity

Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Chemical Information
Publications (10)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
Purity & Documentation
References
Help & FAQs
Classifications
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

IC₅₀ & Target

IDO-1

3 μM (IC₅₀, HEK 293-hIDO-1)

IDO-1

157 μM (IC₅₀, rhIDO-1)

WNV NS2B-NS3

96 μM (IC₅₀)

All mAChR Isoforms :

All Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Isoforms :

All Aurora Kinase Isoforms :

All Parasite Isoforms :

In Vitro

Palmatine (0-100 μM; 42 h) suppresses WNV with an EC₅₀ value of 3.6 μM, and reduce the viral titers of DENV-2 and YFV with EC₅₀ values of 26.4 μM and 7.3 μM, respectively^[3].
Palmatine (0-1128 μM; 24-72 h) inhibits colon cancer cell proliferation^[5].
Palmatine (0-704 μM; 24 h) reduces AURKA protein levels, induces G2/M phase arrest, and induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells via the mitochondrial associated pathway^[5].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Cell Proliferation Assay^[5]

Cell Line:

HCT-116, SW480, HT-29
Concentration:

0, 88, 176, 352, and 704 μM (HCT-116, SW480); 0, 141, 282, 564, and 1128 μM (HT-29)
Incubation Time:

24, 48 and 72 h
Result:

Decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner.

Western Blot Analysis^[5]

Cell Line:

HCT-116, SW480, HT-29
Concentration:

100 nM for HCT-116, 500 nM for SW480 and HT-29
Incubation Time:

24, 48 and 72 h
Result:

Promoted the expression of apoptosis markers such as P53 / P73, Caspase3, and Caspase9. Reduced AURKA protein levels. Increased cyt. c in the cytoplasm while reduced Bcl2 and Bcl-xl in a dose-dependent manner.

Cell Cycle Analysis^[5]

Cell Line:

HCT-116, SW480
Concentration:

88, 176, 352 and 704 μM
Incubation Time:

24, 48 and 72 h
Result:

Induced G2/M phase arrest in a dose-dependent manner.

Apoptosis Analysis^[5]

Cell Line:

HCT-116, SW480
Concentration:

88, 176, 352 and 704 μM
Incubation Time:

24, 48 and 72 h
Result:

Induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner.

In Vivo

Palmatine (50 or 100 mg/kg; p.o.; daily for 7 days) ameliorates DSS (dextran sulfate sodium)-induced colitis and prevents infiltration of inflammatory cells^[1].
Palmatine (0-200 mg/kg; i.p.; once) attenuates D-galactosamine/Lipopolysaccharides (HY-D1056)-induced fulminant hepatic failure in mice^[2].
Palmatine (0-1 mg/kg; i.p.; 10 days) shows memory-enhancing activity in mice^[4].
Palmatine (33.75-135 mg/kg; p.o.; daily for 26 days) can effectively inhibit the growth of HCT-116 xenografts in mice^[5].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model:

DSS- induced Colitis BALB/c mice model (8-week-old)^[1]
Dosage:

50 or 100 mg/kg
Administration:

Orally, daily, for 7 days
Result:

Ameliorated DSS-induced colitis and prevented infiltration of inflammatory cells; remarkably extended the colon length; significantly suppressed the colonic MPO activity. Decreased the levels of colonic inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10); Protected mucosal integrity by modulating TJs protein and apoptosis proteins; Restored DSS-induced decreases of TJ protein ZO-1, ZO-2 and claudin-1; Reduced Bax expression and enhanced Bcl-2 expression at the dose of 100 mg/kg, prevented epithelial apoptosis and improved intestinal integrity. Prevented DSS-induced changes of gut microbiota in colitis mice.

Animal Model:

Male ICR mice (20–22 g), D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (GalN/LPS)-induced fulminant hepatic failure model^[2]
Dosage:

25, 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg
Administration:

Intraperitoneal injection, 1 h before the GalN/LPS treatment
Result:

Attenuated the mortality and serum aminotransferase activities increased by GalN/LPS. Prevented the increase of serum TNF-α and augmented that of serum IL-10. Decreased the TNF-a mRNA expression and increased the IL-10 mRNA expression. Attenuated the apoptosis of hepatocytes.

Animal Model:

Swiss young male albino mice, with Scopolamine (HY-N0296)- and diazepam-induced amnesia model^[4]
Dosage:

0.1, 0.5, 1 mg/kg
Administration:

Intraperitoneal injection, 10 days
Result:

Significantly improved learning and memory of mice at 0.5 and 1 mg/kg and did not show any significant effect on locomotor activity of the mice. Significantly reversed scopolamine- and diazepam-induced amnesia in mice. Significantly reduced brain acetylcholinesterase activity of mice.

Animal Model:

BALB/c-nude mice, HCT-116 xenograft model^[5]
Dosage:

33.75, 67.5 and 135 mg/kg
Administration:

Oral administration, once a day for 26 days
Result:

The tumor volume and weight of the treatment group were significantly reduced.

Chemical Information

CAS No. 131-04-4
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 369.41
Formula C₂₁H₂₃NO₅
Color Light yellow to yellow
SMILES

COC(C=C1C2=CC3=CC=C4OC)=C(C=C1CC[N+]2=CC3=C4OC)OC.[OH-]
Structure Classification
- Alkaloids
- Other Alkaloids
Initial Source
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

Powder	-20°C	3 years
	4°C	2 years
In solvent	-80°C	6 months
	-20°C	1 month

Publications (10)

All Bio/Physico-chemical AssayIn Vivo Efficacy StudyHistological Imaging/StainingCell Imaging/Staining

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Journal Impact Factor

Phytomedicine

Erzhi pill enhances methotrexate efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis bone homeostasis via activation of the IDO1-KYN-AhR pathway. [Abstract]

2026 May 14:157:158290. PMID: 42208105
Phytomedicine

Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction enhances Capecitabine-Oxaliplatin efficacy via Akkermansia muciniphila and CD8+ T cells in colorectal cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 4:148:157233. PMID: 40972261
J Ethnopharmacol

Berberine-silybin salt achieves improved anti-nonalcoholic fatty liver disease effect through regulating lipid metabolism. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 30;319(Pt 2):117238. PMID: 37774895
Int Immunopharmacol

Palmatine attenuates the doxorubicin-induced inflammatory response, oxidative damage and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. [Abstract]

2022 May:106:108583. PMID: 35151220
Inflammation

Palmatine Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury Via Suppression of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation, Pyroptosis, and Metabolic Remodeling. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 20;49(1):11. PMID: 41420798
Biol Res

Palmatine ameliorates high fat diet induced impaired glucose tolerance. [Abstract]

2020 Sep 14;53(1):39. PMID: 32928312

Palmatine hydroxide purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biol Res. 2020 Sep 14;53(1):39. [Abstract]

Palmatine chloride (PAL) (40 mg/kg; p.o.; once daily for 10 weeks) significantly decreased 2-h blood glucose level in HFD-fed SD rats.

Palmatine hydroxide purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biol Res. 2020 Sep 14;53(1):39. [Abstract]

Palmatine chloride (PAL) (40 mg/kg; p.o.; once daily for 10 weeks) significantly decreased blood insulin levels in HFD-fed SD rats.

Palmatine hydroxide purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biol Res. 2020 Sep 14;53(1):39. [Abstract]

Palmatine chloride (PAL) (40 mg/kg; p.o.; once daily for 10 weeks) restored the loss of β cell mass in HFD-fed SD rats, with predominantly increased area that stained positive for insulin.

Palmatine hydroxide purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biol Res. 2020 Sep 14;53(1):39. [Abstract]

Palmatine chloride (PAL) (40 mg/kg; p.o.; once daily for 10 weeks) remarkably reduced the apoptotic rates in HFD-fed SD rats.
Molecules

Discovery of Nine Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors from Coptis chinensis Using Virtual Screening, Bioactivity Evaluation, and Binding Studies. [Abstract]

2024 May 14;29(10):2304. PMID: 38792165

Palmatine hydroxide purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Molecules. 2024 May 14;29(10):2304. [Abstract]

The DPP-4 inhibitory activity of Palmatine chloride (10^-7-10^-3 M), demeasured using dose-response curves.
Drug Dev Res

Palmatine attenuates hepatocyte injury by promoting autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR pathway after alcoholic liver disease. [Abstract]

2022 Nov;83(7):1613-1622. PMID: 35976121
Vet Microbiol

The Chinese medicine monomer Schisandrin C inhibits PRRSV infection by regulating the OGT-PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2026 May:316:110992. PMID: 41865607
Oxid Med Cell Longev

Palmatine Protects against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Activation of the AMPK/Nrf2 Pathway. [Abstract]

2021 Mar 11:2021:6660193. PMID: 33777318

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 15.62 mg/mL (42.28 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

2.7070 mL

13.5351 mL

27.0702 mL

5 mM

0.5414 mL

2.7070 mL

5.4140 mL

10 mM

0.2707 mL

1.3535 mL

2.7070 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

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Dilution Calculator

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Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (286 KB)
SDS (251 KB)
- English - EN (251 KB)
- Français - FR (251 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (251 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (251 KB)
- Español - ES (251 KB)
- Swedish - SV (251 KB)
- Italian - IT (251 KB)
- Korean - KR (251 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (251 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Zhang XJ, et al. Palmatine ameliorated murine colitis by suppressing tryptophan metabolism and regulating gut microbiota.Pharmacol Res. 2018 Nov;137:34-46. [Content Brief]

[2]. Lee WC, et al. Palmatine attenuates D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced fulminant hepatic failure in mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010 Jan;48(1):222-8. [Content Brief]

[3]. Jia F, et al. Identification of palmatine as an inhibitor of West Nile virus. Arch Virol. 2010 Aug;155(8):1325-9. [Content Brief]

[4]. Dhingra D, et al. Memory-enhancing activity of palmatine in mice using elevated plus maze and morris water maze. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2012;2012:357368. [Content Brief]

[5]. Liu X, et al. Palmatine induces G2/M phase arrest and mitochondrial-associated pathway apoptosis in colon cancer cells by targeting AURKA. Biochem Pharmacol. 2020 May;175:113933. [Content Brief]

[6]. Long J, et al. Palmatine: A review of its pharmacology, toxicity and pharmacokinetics. Biochimie. 2019 Jul;162:176-184. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
DMSO	1 mM	2.7070 mL	13.5351 mL	27.0702 mL	67.6755 mL
	5 mM	0.5414 mL	2.7070 mL	5.4140 mL	13.5351 mL
	10 mM	0.2707 mL	1.3535 mL	2.7070 mL	6.7675 mL
	15 mM	0.1805 mL	0.9023 mL	1.8047 mL	4.5117 mL
	20 mM	0.1354 mL	0.6768 mL	1.3535 mL	3.3838 mL
	25 mM	0.1083 mL	0.5414 mL	1.0828 mL	2.7070 mL
	30 mM	0.0902 mL	0.4512 mL	0.9023 mL	2.2558 mL
	40 mM	0.0677 mL	0.3384 mL	0.6768 mL	1.6919 mL

Palmatine hydroxide

10 Cited Publications

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Palmatine hydroxide

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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Palmatine hydroxide

All mAChR Isoforms

All Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Isoforms

All Aurora Kinase Isoforms

All Parasite Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (10)

Solvent & Solubility

Purity & Documentation

References

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Palmatine hydroxide Related Classifications

HY-N0110B Related Classifications