Plasmodium

Plasmodium parasites invade erythrocytes to access nutrients and occupy a protected intracellular niche^[1]. Mechanistically, P. falciparum merozoite invasion depends on ligand-receptor interactions and regulated microneme and rhoptry secretion^[2]. The apicoplast supports blood-stage growth mainly through isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis, shown by chemical rescue of parasites lacking this organelle^[3]. Apicoplast-derived isoprenoids also support GPI-anchor biosynthesis, egress, and invasion in P. falciparum^[4]. Compared with related apicomplexan parasites, malaria parasites use conserved host-cell entry logic but species-specific ligand-receptor interactions^[1]. For experimental applications, apicoplast translation inhibitors and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitors provide tools to test delayed death, organelle maintenance, and parasite viability^[5]^[6].

References:

[1]. Cowman AF, et al. Invasion of red blood cells by malaria parasites. Cell. 2006 Feb 24;124(4):755-66. [Content Brief]

[2]. Singh S, et al. Distinct external signals trigger sequential release of apical organelles during erythrocyte invasion by malaria parasites. PLoS Pathog. 2010 Feb 5;6(2):e1000746. [Content Brief]

[3]. Yeh E, et al. Chemical rescue of malaria parasites lacking an apicoplast defines organelle function in blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Biol. 2011 Aug;9(8):e1001138. [Content Brief]

[4]. Bulloch MS, et al. Apicoplast-derived isoprenoids are essential for biosynthesis of GPI protein anchors, and consequently for egress and invasion in Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Pathog. 2024 Sep 6;20(9):e1012484. [Content Brief]

[5]. Pasaje CF, et al. Selective inhibition of apicoplast tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase causes delayed death in Plasmodium falciparum. Sci Rep. 2016 Jun 9;6:27531. [Content Brief]

[6]. Herman JD, et al. The cytoplasmic prolyl-tRNA synthetase of the malaria parasite is a dual-stage target of febrifugine and its analogs. Sci Transl Med. 2015 May 20;7(288):288ra77. [Content Brief]

Plasmodium Related Products (257):

By Type:	Pan (12) Selective (6)
By Effects:	Inhibitors (241) Activator (1) Modulators (2)

Cat. No.	Product Name	Effect	Purity

HY-17589A

Chloroquine	Inhibitor	99.50%
Chloroquine is an antimalarial and anti-inflammatory agent widely used to treat malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine is an autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs) inhibitor. Chloroquine is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in vitro (EC₅₀=1.13 μM).

HY-W031727

Hydroxychloroquine	Inhibitor	99.82%
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a synthetic oral antimalarial drug that can be used in the study of malaria and autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Hydroxychloroquine is a potent autophagic flux inhibitor with antiviral activity (such as SARS-CoV-2 virus) that inhibits Toll-like receptor 7/9 (TLR7/9) signaling.

HY-17589

Chloroquine phosphate	Inhibitor	99.89%
Chloroquine phosphate is an antimalarial and anti-inflammatory agent widely used to treat malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine phosphate is an autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs) inhibitor. Chloroquine phosphate is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in vitro (EC₅₀=1.13 μM).

HY-B0221

Amphotericin B		≥98.0%
Amphotericin B is a polyene antifungal agent against a wide variety of fungal pathogens. It binds irreversibly to ergosterol, resulting in disruption of membrane integrity and ultimately cell death.

HY-B0094

Artemisinin	Inhibitor	98.0%
Artemisinin (Qinghaosu), a sesquiterpene lactone, is an anti-malarial agent isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia annua L. plants. Artemisinin inhibits AKT signaling pathway by decreasing pAKT in a dose-dependent manner. Artemisinin reduces cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis and metastasis and has neuroprotective effects.

HY-164686A

MMV019662 TFA	Inhibitor
MMV019662 TFA is a PfNCR1 inhibitor and antimalarial agent. MMV019662 TFA reduces gametocytemia levels of Plasmodium falciparum. MMV019662 TFA is applicable to malaria-related research.

HY-N20619

Sterekunthal B	Inhibitor
Sterekunthal B is a naphthoquinone compound and antimalarial agent. Sterekunthal B can be isolated from plants of the Bignoniaceae family, including the root bark of Stereospermum colais. Sterekunthal B inhibits the growth of Chloroquine (HY-17589A)-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum strain PoW with an IC₅₀ of 23.3 μg/mL. Sterekunthal B also inhibits the growth of Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain Dd2 with an IC₅₀ of 15.2 μg/mL. Sterekunthal B exhibits non-selective cytotoxicity toward endothelial cells. Sterekunthal B can be used in malaria-related research.

HY-179656

UA2239	Inhibitor
UA2239 is an antimalarial agent and acyclic nucleoside phosphonate. UA2239 disrupts the essential cGMP-dependent egress pathway by decreasing cGMP levels. UA2239 targets guanylyl cyclase α. UA2239 demonstrates rapid and irreversible inhibitory effects on Plasmodium parasites.

HY-N1584

Halofuginone	Inhibitor	99.28%
Halofuginone (RU-19110), a Febrifugine derivative, is a competitive prolyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor with a K_i of 18.3 nM. Halofuginone is a specific inhibitor of type-I collagen synthesis and attenuates osteoarthritis (OA) by inhibition of TGF-β activity. Halofuginone is also a potent pulmonary vasodilator by activating Kv channels and blocking voltage-gated, receptor-operated and store-operated Ca²⁺ channels. Halofuginone has anti-malaria, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-fibrosis effects.

HY-B1370

Hydroxychloroquine sulfate	Inhibitor	99.99%
Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQ sulfate) is a synthetic antimalarial agent which can also inhibit Toll-like receptor 7/9 (TLR7/9) signaling. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate is efficiently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.

HY-143218

TPE-MI		98.93%
TPE-MI (Tetraphenylethene maleimide) is a thiol probe for measuring unfolded protein load and proteostasis in cells (the excitation wavelength is 350 nm and the emission wavelength is 470 nm). TPE-MI can report imbalances in proteostasis in induced pluripotent stem cell models of Huntington disease, as well as cells transfected with mutant Huntington exon 1 before the formation of visible aggregates. TPE-MI also detects protein damage following dihydroartemisinin research of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum .

HY-13832

Atovaquone	Inhibitor	99.75%
Atovaquone (Atavaquone) is a potent, selective and orally active inhibitor of the *parasite’s mitochondrial cytochrome bc1* complex*. Atovaquone is against human and P. falciparum* cytochrome bc1 activity with IC₅₀ values of 460 nM and 2.0 nM, respectively. Atovaquone is an antimalarial agent and has the potential for the investigation of neumocystis pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, malaria, and babesia.

HY-16438

RRx-001	Inhibitor	99.79%
RRx-001, a hypoxia-selective epigenetic agent and studied as a radio- and chem-sensitizer, triggers apoptosis and overcomes agent resistance in myeloma. RRx-001 exhibits potent anti-tumor activity with minimal toxicity. RRx-001 is a dual small molecule checkpoint inhibitor by downregulating CD47 and SIRP-α. RRx-001 is a potent inhibitor of G6PD and shows potent antimalarial activity.

HY-B1751

Quinidine (15% dihydroquinidine)	Inhibitor	98.36%
Quinidine (15% dihydroquinidine) is an antiarrhythmic agent. Quinidine is a potent, orally active, selective cytochrome P450db inhibitor. Quinidine is also a K⁺ channel blocker with an IC₅₀ of 19.9 μM, and can induce apoptosis. Quinidine can be used for malaria research.

HY-18062

Pyrimethamine		99.99%
Pyrimethamine (Pirimecidan) is a potent, orally active dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor. Pyrimethamine is an antimalarial agent. Pyrimethamine affects the nucleoprotein metabolism of malarial parasites by interference in the folic–folinic acid systems and affects cell division by inhibiting the conversion of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate.

HY-N0402

Artemether	Inhibitor	99.20%
Artemether is an anti-malarial compound that targets drug-resistant strains of falciparum malaria.

HY-B1455

Clindamycin	Inhibitor	99.90%
Clindamycin is an orally active and broad-spectrum bacteriostatic lincosamide antibiotic. Clindamycin can inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, possessing the ability to suppress the expression of virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus at sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs). Clindamycin resistance results from enzymatic methylation of the antibiotic binding site in the 50S ribosomal subunit (23S rRNA). Clindamycin decreases the production of Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL), toxic-shock-staphylococcal toxin (TSST-1) or alpha-haemolysin (Hla). Clindamycin also can be used for researching malaria.

HY-D0143

Quinine	Inhibitor	99.82%
Quinine is an alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, acts as an anti-malaria agent. Quinine is a potassium channel inhibitor that inhibits WT mouse Slo3 (K_Ca5.1) channel currents evoked by voltage pulses to +100 mV with an IC₅₀ of 169 μM.

HY-12651A

Primaquine	Inhibitor
Primaquine is a potent antimalaria agent and a potent gametocytocide in falciparum malaria. Primaquine prevents relapse in vivax and ovale malaria.

HY-13735A

Quinacrine dihydrochloride	Inhibitor	99.38%
Quinacrine (Mepacrine) dihydrochloride is an orally bioavailable antimalarial agent, which possess anticancer effect both in vitro and vivo. Quinacrine dihydrochloride suppresses NF-κB and activate p53 signaling, which results in the induction of the apoptosis.

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