Plasmodium
Plasmodium parasites invade erythrocytes to access nutrients and occupy a protected intracellular niche[1]. Mechanistically, P. falciparum merozoite invasion depends on ligand-receptor interactions and regulated microneme and rhoptry secretion[2]. The apicoplast supports blood-stage growth mainly through isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis, shown by chemical rescue of parasites lacking this organelle[3]. Apicoplast-derived isoprenoids also support GPI-anchor biosynthesis, egress, and invasion in P. falciparum[4]. Compared with related apicomplexan parasites, malaria parasites use conserved host-cell entry logic but species-specific ligand-receptor interactions[1]. For experimental applications, apicoplast translation inhibitors and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitors provide tools to test delayed death, organelle maintenance, and parasite viability[5][6].
References:
- [1]. Cowman AF, et al. Invasion of red blood cells by malaria parasites. Cell. 2006 Feb 24;124(4):755-66. [Content Brief]
- [2]. Singh S, et al. Distinct external signals trigger sequential release of apical organelles during erythrocyte invasion by malaria parasites. PLoS Pathog. 2010 Feb 5;6(2):e1000746. [Content Brief]
- [3]. Yeh E, et al. Chemical rescue of malaria parasites lacking an apicoplast defines organelle function in blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Biol. 2011 Aug;9(8):e1001138. [Content Brief]
- [4]. Bulloch MS, et al. Apicoplast-derived isoprenoids are essential for biosynthesis of GPI protein anchors, and consequently for egress and invasion in Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Pathog. 2024 Sep 6;20(9):e1012484. [Content Brief]
- [5]. Pasaje CF, et al. Selective inhibition of apicoplast tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase causes delayed death in Plasmodium falciparum. Sci Rep. 2016 Jun 9;6:27531. [Content Brief]
- [6]. Herman JD, et al. The cytoplasmic prolyl-tRNA synthetase of the malaria parasite is a dual-stage target of febrifugine and its analogs. Sci Transl Med. 2015 May 20;7(288):288ra77. [Content Brief]
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Plasmodium Related Products (261)
- Chloroquine
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Hydroxychloroquine
0 ImagesHydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a synthetic oral antimalarial drug that can be used in the study of malaria and autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Hydroxychloroquine is a potent autophagic flux inhibitor with antiviral activity (such as SARS-CoV-2 virus) that inhibits Toll-like receptor 7/9 (TLR7/9) signaling. -
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Chloroquine phosphate
0 ImagesChloroquine phosphate is an antimalarial and anti-inflammatory agent widely used to treat malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine phosphate is an autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs) inhibitor. Chloroquine phosphate is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in vitro (EC50=1.13 μM). -
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Amphotericin B
0 ImagesAmphotericin B is a polyene antifungal agent against a wide variety of fungal pathogens. It binds irreversibly to ergosterol, resulting in disruption of membrane integrity and ultimately cell death. -
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Artemisinin
0 ImagesSynonyms: Qinghaosu; NSC 369397Artemisinin (Qinghaosu), a sesquiterpene lactone, is an anti-malarial agent isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia annua L. plants. Artemisinin inhibits AKT signaling pathway by decreasing pAKT in a dose-dependent manner. Artemisinin reduces cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis and metastasis and has neuroprotective effects. -
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MMV019662 TFA
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-164686AMMV019662 TFA is a PfNCR1 inhibitor and antimalarial agent. MMV019662 TFA reduces gametocytemia levels of Plasmodium falciparum. MMV019662 TFA is applicable to malaria-related research. -
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Sterekunthal B
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N20619CAS No.: 475673-78-0Sterekunthal B is a naphthoquinone compound and antimalarial agent. Sterekunthal B can be isolated from plants of the Bignoniaceae family, including the root bark of Stereospermum colais. Sterekunthal B inhibits the growth of Chloroquine (HY-17589A)-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum strain PoW with an IC50 of 23.3 μg/mL. Sterekunthal B also inhibits the growth of Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain Dd2 with an IC50 of 15.2 μg/mL. Sterekunthal B exhibits non-selective cytotoxicity toward endothelial cells. Sterekunthal B can be used in malaria-related research. -
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Antimalarial agent 63
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-184181CAS No.: 1596337-67-5Antimalarial agent 63 is an inhibitor of Plasmodium falciparum. Antimalarial agent 63 exhibits inhibitory activity against field isolates of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Antimalarial agent 63 shows an antagonistic interaction when used in combination with Proguanil (HY-B0806) against Plasmodium falciparum. Antimalarial agent 63 has low cytotoxicity to hepatocytes and a high selectivity index. Antimalarial agent 63 can be used in the research of malaria. -
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Hydroxychloroquine sulfate
0 ImagesHydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQ sulfate) is a synthetic antimalarial agent which can also inhibit Toll-like receptor 7/9 (TLR7/9) signaling. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate is efficiently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. -
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Halofuginone
0 ImagesSynonyms: RU-19110Halofuginone (RU-19110), a Febrifugine derivative, is a competitive prolyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor with a Ki of 18.3 nM. Halofuginone is a specific inhibitor of type-I collagen synthesis and attenuates osteoarthritis (OA) by inhibition of TGF-β activity. Halofuginone is also a potent pulmonary vasodilator by activating Kv channels and blocking voltage-gated, receptor-operated and store-operated Ca2+ channels. Halofuginone has anti-malaria, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-fibrosis effects. -
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TPE-MI
0 ImagesSynonyms: Tetraphenylethene maleimideTPE-MI (Tetraphenylethene maleimide) is a thiol probe for measuring unfolded protein load and proteostasis in cells (the excitation wavelength is 350 nm and the emission wavelength is 470 nm). TPE-MI can report imbalances in proteostasis in induced pluripotent stem cell models of Huntington disease, as well as cells transfected with mutant Huntington exon 1 before the formation of visible aggregates. TPE-MI also detects protein damage following dihydroartemisinin research of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum . -
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Atovaquone
0 ImagesSynonyms: AtavaquoneAtovaquone (Atavaquone) is a potent, selective and orally active inhibitor of the parasite’s mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex. Atovaquone is against human and P. falciparum cytochrome bc1 activity with IC50 values of 460 nM and 2.0 nM, respectively. Atovaquone is an antimalarial agent and has the potential for the investigation of neumocystis pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, malaria, and babesia. -
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RRx-001
0 ImagesSynonyms: NibrozetoneRRx-001, a hypoxia-selective epigenetic agent and studied as a radio- and chem-sensitizer, triggers apoptosis and overcomes agent resistance in myeloma. RRx-001 exhibits potent anti-tumor activity with minimal toxicity. RRx-001 is a dual small molecule checkpoint inhibitor by downregulating CD47 and SIRP-α. RRx-001 is a potent inhibitor of G6PD and shows potent antimalarial activity. -
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- Quinidine (15% dihydroquinidine)
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Artemether
0 ImagesSynonyms: Dihydroqinghaosu methyl ether; Dihydroartemisinin methyl ether; SM224Artemether is an anti-malarial compound that targets drug-resistant strains of falciparum malaria. -
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Pyrimethamine
0 ImagesPyrimethamine (Pirimecidan) is a potent, orally active dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor. Pyrimethamine is an antimalarial agent. Pyrimethamine affects the nucleoprotein metabolism of malarial parasites by interference in the folic–folinic acid systems and affects cell division by inhibiting the conversion of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate. -
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Quinine
0 ImagesQuinine is an orally active alkaloid extracted from cinchona bark, possessing various biological activities including antimalarial, antidengue virus (DENV), and anticancer properties. Quinine is a potassium channel inhibitor that inhibits WT mouse Slo3 (KCa5.1) channel currents evoked by voltage pulses to +100 mV with an IC50 of 169 μM. -
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Clindamycin
0 ImagesClindamycin is an orally active and broad-spectrum bacteriostatic lincosamide antibiotic. Clindamycin can inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, possessing the ability to suppress the expression of virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus at sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs). Clindamycin resistance results from enzymatic methylation of the antibiotic binding site in the 50S ribosomal subunit (23S rRNA). Clindamycin decreases the production of Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL), toxic-shock-staphylococcal toxin (TSST-1) or alpha-haemolysin (Hla). Clindamycin also can be used for researching malaria. -
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- Primaquine
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Amodiaquine
0 ImagesAmodiaquine (Amodiaquin), a 4-aminoquinoline class of antimalarial agent, is a potent and orally active histamine N-methyltransferase inhibitor. Amodiaquine is also a Nurr1 agonist and specifically binds to Nurr1-LBD (ligand binding domain) with an EC50 of ~20 μM. Anti-inflammatory effect. -
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