2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-17506A
    Azithromycin hydrate
    		Inhibitor 98.0%
    Azithromycin hydrate is a macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
    Azithromycin hydrate
  • HY-P1723
    Spexin
    		Inhibitor 99.12%
    Spexin (Neuropeptide Q) is a selective agonist of galanin receptors GAL2 and GAL3, and is a conserved peptide that functions as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator and endocrine factor. Spexin can function through both central and peripheral actions. Spexin upregulates Beclin 1 to inhibit ferroptosis induced by excessive autophagy, reduces the uptake of long-chain fatty acids by adipocytes, and regulates energy metabolism by increasing lipid oxidation (e.g., reducing the respiratory exchange ratio in rodents). Spexin improves cardiac function in the Doxorubicin hydrochloride (HY-15142)-induced cardiotoxicity model, protects mitochondrial membrane potential, and reduces iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Spexin can be used to study obesity and its related metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases (e.g., cardioprotection), and side effects of tumor chemotherapy.
    Spexin
  • HY-P5997
    XQ2B
    		Inhibitor 99.45%
    XQ2B is a specific cGAS inhibitor targeting protein-DNA interaction and phase separation. XQ2B markedly reduces ISD-induced Autophagy. XQ2B inhibits herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)-induced antiviral immune responses and enhances HSV-1 infection.
    XQ2B
  • HY-B0319
    Tioconazole
    		Inhibitor 99.90%
    Tioconazole (UK-20349) is a broad-spectrum antifungal imidazole derivative. Tioconazole inhibits several dermatophytes and yeasts, with MIC50 values of less than 3.12 mg/L and 9 mg/L, respectively. Additionally, Tioconazole exhibits anti-parasitic activity. Tioconazole exerts anticancer activity by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and blocking autophagy. Tioconazole is applicable for research in the fields of anti-infection and anticancer therapy.
    Tioconazole
  • HY-113596A
    Acetyl coenzyme A lithium
    		Inhibitor
    Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) lithium is a membrane-impermeant central metabolic intermediate, participates in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. Acetyl-coenzyme A lithium, regulates various cellular mechanisms by providing (sole donor) acetyl groups to target amino acid residues for post-translational acetylation reactions of proteins. Acetyl Coenzyme A lithium is also a key precursor of lipid synthesis.
    Acetyl coenzyme A lithium
  • HY-N7071A
    Maduramicin ammonium
    		Inhibitor 99.89%
    Maduramicin ammonium (Maduramycin ammonium) is isolated from the actinomycete Actinomadura rubra. Maduramicin ammonium (Maduramycin ammonium) is an anticoccidial agent for the the treatment of Eimeria spp., E. adenoeides, E. gallopavonis, and E. dispersa infection. Maduramicin ammonium (Maduramycin ammonium) induces cell apoptosis in chicken myocardial cells via intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.
    Maduramicin ammonium
  • HY-128340
    Autogramin-2
    		Inhibitor 99.20%
    Autogramin-2 potently inhibits autophagy induced by either starvation (IC50=0.27 μM) or mTORC1 inhibition (Rapamycin; IC50=0.14 μM).
    Autogramin-2
  • HY-B0075R
    Melatonin (standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Melatonin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Melatonin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Melatonin is a hormone made by the pineal gland that can activates melatonin receptor. Melatonin plays a role in sleep and possesses important antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Melatonin is a novel selective ATF-6 inhibitor and induces human hepatoma cell apoptosis through COX-2 downregulation. Melatonin attenuates palmitic acid-induced (HY-N0830) mouse granulosa cells apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress.
    Melatonin (standard)
  • HY-B1370R
    Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Hydroxychloroquine (sulfate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Hydroxychloroquine (sulfate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQ sulfate) is a synthetic antimalarial agent which can also inhibit Toll-like receptor 7/9 (TLR7/9) signaling. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate is efficiently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.
    Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (Standard)
  • HY-N0401
    Ligustilide
    		Inhibitor 99.17%
    Ligustilide is is a bioactive phthalide derivative isolated from Angelica sinensis and Chuanxiong. Ligustilide exhibits neuroprotective, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and vasodilator effects.
    Ligustilide
  • HY-112440
    HZX-02-059
    		Inhibitor 99.40%
    HZX-02-059 is an allosteric inhibitor of PIKFYVE, and a methuosis inducer. HZX-02-059 disrupts the PIKfyve/TFEB axis, suppresses tubulin polymerization, reduces phosphorylated mTOR levels, downregulates p53, PI3K/AKT, c-Myc, and NF-κB pathways. HZX-02-059 induces G2/M cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and inhibits cancer cell proliferation. HZX-02-059 can be used for the research of lymphoma, double-hit lymphoma, and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
    HZX-02-059
  • HY-13101
    MCOPPB trihydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.98%
    MCOPPB trihydrochloride is a NOP/ORL1 G protein-coupled receptor agonist and autophagy inhibitor that can cross the blood-brain barrier. MCOPPB trihydrochloride clears senescent cells, regulates locomotion, lipid storage and immune responses, and inhibits fibrosis and angiogenesis. MCOPPB trihydrochloride blocks autophagic flux, induces changes in locomotion and lipid storage, and activates the stress-responsive immune transcription network, thereby improving post-infarction cardiac function and exerting anxiolytic effects. MCOPPB trihydrochloride can be applied to research fields such as aging-related diseases and ischemic heart failure.
    MCOPPB trihydrochloride
  • HY-115570
    GW406108X
    		Inhibitor 98.0%
    GW406108X is a specific Kif15 (Kinesin-12) inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.82 uM in ATPase assays. GW406108X, a potent autophagy inhibitor, shows ATP competitive inhibition against ULK1 with a pIC50 of 6.37 (427 nM). GW406108X inhibits ULK1 kinase activity and blocks autophagic flux, without affecting the upstream signaling kinases mTORC1 and AMPK.
    GW406108X
  • HY-156237
    Beclin1-ATG14L interaction inhibitor 1
    		Inhibitor 99.88%
    Beclin1-ATG14L interaction inhibitor 1 (com 19) is a selective Beclin1-ATG14L interaction inhibitor. This protein interaction mechanism specifically targets complex I of the lipid kinase VPS34 without affecting complex II. Because the integrity of VPS34 complex II depends on the Beclin 1-UVRAG interaction. Beclin1-ATG14L interaction inhibitor 1 can disrupt the formation of VPS34 complex I and inhibit autophagy, but does not affect complex II-related vesicle transport.
    Beclin1-ATG14L interaction inhibitor 1
  • HY-17362R
    Vancomycin hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Vancomycin (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Vancomycin (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Vancomycin hydrochloride is an antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infections. It acts by inhibiting the second stage of cell wall synthesis of susceptible bacteria. Vancomycin also alters the permeability of the cell membrane and selectively inhibits ribonucleic acid synthesis.
    Vancomycin hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-123046
    AS1708727
    		Inhibitor 99.44%
    AS1708727 is an orally active Foxo1 inhibitor, with EC50 values of 0.33 μM and 0.59 μM for G6Pase and PEPCK, respectively.
    AS1708727
  • HY-15510B
    Tenovin-6 Hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 98.88%
    Tenovin-6 Hydrochloride, an analog of Tenovin-1 (HY-13423), is an activator of p53 transcriptional activity. Tenovin-6 Hydrochloride inhibits the protein deacetylase activities of purified human SIRT1, SIRT2, and SIRT3 with IC50s of 21 μM, 10 μM, and 67 μM, respectively. Tenovin-6 Hydrochloride also inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH).
    Tenovin-6 Hydrochloride
  • HY-146131
    ATG7-IN-3
    		Inhibitor 99.26%
    ATG7-IN-3 (Compound 18) is a potent ATG7 inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.048 μM. ATG7-IN-3 inhibits Autophagy. ATG7-IN-3 inhibits the formation of LC3B puncta. ATG7-IN-3 can be used in the researches of glioma and colon cancer.
    ATG7-IN-3
  • HY-11095
    NPS 2390
    		Inhibitor 99.90%
    NPS 2390 is an allosteric antagonist of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and mGluR1/5. NPS 2390 inhibits the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, reduces hypoxia-induced intracellular calcium elevation, decreases the expression of autophagy (autophagy) proteins, regulates the expression of phenotypic marker proteins, and inhibits the proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. NPS 2390 attenuates the endogenous apoptosis (apoptosis) pathway, increases the expression level of Bcl-2, downregulates the expression levels of Bax, cytochrome c and caspase-3, alleviates cerebral edema and improves neurological function in rat models. NPS 2390 can be used in studies related to hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, traumatic brain injury, stroke and pain.
    NPS 2390
  • HY-100522
    FMK 9a
    		Inhibitor ≥98.0%
    FMK 9a is an autophagin-1 inhibitor with IC50 values of 80 and 73 μM in FRET and LRA assay.
    FMK 9a
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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