2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. MDM-2/p53

MDM-2/p53

MDM-2/p53

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The p53 tumor suppressor is a principal mediator of growth arrest, senescence, and apoptosis in response to a broad array of cellular damage. p53 is a short-lived protein that is maintained at low, often undetectable, levels in normal cells. Under stress conditions, the p53 protein accumulates in the cell, binds in its tetrameric form to p53-response elements and induces the transcription of various genes.

MDM-2 is transcriptionally activated by p53 and MDM-2, in turn, inhibits p53 activity in several ways. MDM-2 binds to the p53 transactivation domain and thereby inhibits p53-mediated transactivation. MDM-2 also contains a signal sequence that is similar to the nuclear export signal of various viral proteins and, after binding to p53, it induces its nuclear export. As p53 is a transcription factor, it needs to be in the nucleus to be able to access the DNA; its transport to the cytoplasm by MDM-2 prevents this. Finally, MDM-2 is a ubiquitin ligase, so is able to target p53 for degradation by the proteasome.

In many tumors p53 is inactivated by the overexpression of the negative regulators MDM2 and MDM4 or by the loss of activity of the MDM2 inhibitor ARF. The pathway can be reactivated in these tumors by small molecules that inhibit the interaction of MDM2 and/or MDM4 with p53. Such molecules are now in clinical trials.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-101266A
    Milademetan tosylate
    		MDM2 Inhibitor
    Milademetan tosylate is the tosylate salt form of Milademetan (HY-101266). Milademetan tosylate is an orally active inhibitor for MDM2. Milademetan tosylate arrests the cell cycle at G1 pahse, induces the apoptosis Milademetan tosylate restores the p53 activity by targeting the p53-MDM2 interaction, and exhibits anticancer activity against Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC).
    Milademetan tosylate
  • HY-163083
    JN122
    		Inhibitor
    JN122, a spiroindoline-containing molecule, is a MDM2 inhibitor. JN122 Inhibits MDM2/p53 protein–protein interaction and exerts robust in vivo antitumor efficacy. JN122 has antiproliferative activity in HCT-116 cells and HEK-293 cells with IC50 values of 39.6 nM and 4.28μM, respectively. JN122 can promote activation of p53 and its target genes, inhibited cell cycle progression, and induced cell apoptosis.
    JN122
  • HY-P5910A
    Azurin p28 peptide TFA
    Azurin p28 peptide TFA is a tumor-penetrated antitumor peptide. Azurin p28 peptide TFA redues proteasomal degradation of p53 through formation of a p28: p53 complex. Azurin p28 peptide TFA induces apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. Azurin p28 peptide TFA inhibits p53-positive tumor growths. Azurin p28 peptide TFA shows antiangiogenic effect by inhibiting phosphorylation of VEGFR-2, FAK and Akt.
    Azurin p28 peptide TFA
  • HY-P11635
    ATSP-7342
    ATSP-7342 is a negative control analog of ATSP-7041. ATSP-7342 exhibits lower binding affinity to both MDM2 (Ki = 536 nM) and MDMX (Ki >1000 nM), compared with ATSP-7041.
    ATSP-7342
  • HY-13705
    NM-3
    NM-3 is an isocoumarin with antiarthritic and antiangiogenic effects. NM-3 is an orally active antiangiogenic agent with low toxicity.
    NM-3
  • HY-172204
    SIRT-IN-7
    		Activator
    SIRT-IN-7 (Compound 7ba) is a SIRT inhibitor. SIRT-IN-7 can inhibit the expression of SIRT1, SIRT2, and SIRT3, and increase the acetylation and activation of p53. SIRT-IN-7 can inhibit the proliferation, and induce apoptosis and autophagy of breast cancer cells. SIRT-IN-7 has anti-tumor activity.
    SIRT-IN-7
  • HY-W237439
    SEN205A
    		Ligand
    SEN205A is a fragment compound that binds to the hydrophobic pocket of human S100B (Kd=0.5-1.0 mM), which is the key region for the interaction of S100B with TRTK-12 and p53, and SEN205A can be displaced from this site by TRTK-12. SEN205A exhibits excellent in vitro ADME properties, including high metabolic stability, chemical stability, and good solubility under physiological pH conditions. SEN205A can serve as a starting fragment for structure-based optimization to develop inhibitors targeting the S100B-p53 protein-protein interaction and investigate the pathogenesis of malignant melanoma.
    SEN205A
  • HY-113843
    RETRA hydrobromide
    		Activator
    RETRA (hydrobromide) is a mutant p53-dependent activator of p73 that can inhibit cancer cells carrying mutant p53. RETRA (hydrobromide) increases the expression level of p73, induces transcriptional activation of several common to transcriptional targets p53 and p73, which leads to mutant p53- and p73-dependent inhibition of tumor growth, reduction of colony formation and induction of effector caspases.
    RETRA hydrobromide
  • HY-174260
    Neuroprotective agent 11
    Neuroprotective agent 11 (Compound 1a) is an orally active polyphenol compound with significant protective effects against cerebral ischemia. The main activities of Neuroprotective agent 11 include inhibiting neuronal inflammation and apoptosis, reducing cerebral infarction volume, and improving behavioral symptoms of cerebral ischemic mice. Neuroprotective agent 11 exerts its regulatory mechanism by downregulating the expression of inflammatory factors (iNOS、COX-2) and apoptotic proteins (cleaved-Caspase3, p53). Neuroprotective agent 11 can be used in the study of cerebral ischemia-related diseases (such as ischemic stroke).
    Neuroprotective agent 11
  • HY-100765
    BI-0252
    		MDM2 Inhibitor
    BI-0252 is an orally active, selective MDM2-p53 inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 nM. BI-0252 can induce tumor regressions in all animals of a mouse SJSA-1 xenograft, with concomitant induction of the tumor protein p53 (TP53) target genes and markers of apoptosis.
    BI-0252
  • HY-179409A
    MC3817 free base
    		Activator
    MC3817 free base is a selective DNMT1 inhibitor. MC3817 free base inhibits DNMT1 and DNMT3A/3L with IC50s of 0.044 μM and > 10μM, respectively. MC3817 free base inhibits P53-dependent cancer cell proliferation, induces apoptosis and DNA damage. MC3817 free base elevates cleaved Caspase 3, P53, and γH2AX. MC3817 free base can be used in non-small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, cervical cancer, triple-negative breast cancer and histiocytic lymphoma research.
    MC3817 free base
  • HY-146432
    Antitumor agent-60
    		Activator
    Antitumor agent-60 (compound 20) is a potent antitumor agent, targeting RAS-RAF signaling pathway and binding to CRAF with a Kd value of 3.93 μM. Antitumor agent-60 induces apoptosis by blocking cell cycle at G2/M phase. Antitumor agent-60 enhances the level of p53 and ROS. Antitumor agent-60 causes oval and irregular nucleus in cancer cells. Antitumor agent-60 can suppress the growth of tumor to some extent in A549 xenograft model.
    Antitumor agent-60
  • HY-174803
    WMJ-J-09
    		p53 Activator 98.44%
    WMJ-J-09 is an HDAC inhibitor with IC50 values of 7.5 nM (HDAC1), 21.3 nM (HDAC2), 18.4 nM (HDAC3), 90.9 nM (HDAC8), 3.9 nM (HDAC6) and 8715.7 nM (HDAC4). WMJ-J-09 blocks the cell cycle and induces apoptosis in cancer cells. WMJ-J-09 induces cancer cell death through the LKB1-AMPK-p38MAPK-p63-survivin signaling cascade.WMJ-J-09 inhibits HDAC enzyme activity, leading to acetylation of key proteins and thereby regulating cancer cell death. WMJ-J-09 can be used in HCT116 cells and FaDu cells research[1][2].
    WMJ-J-09
  • HY-P4157A
    FOXO4-DRI acetate
    		Inhibitor
    FOXO4-DRI acetate is a cell-permeable peptide antagonist that blocks the interaction of FOXO4 and p53. FOXO4-DRI acetate is a senolytic peptide that induces apoptosis of senescent cells.
    FOXO4-DRI acetate
  • HY-18330
    MI 63
    		p53 Activator
    MI 63 is an activator for p53, by targeting the MDM2 (Ki is 3 nM). MI 63 inhibits the proliferation of embryonic and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS and ARMS) cells (IC50 is 0.58 μM in RH36 cells), and induces apoptosis in ERMS and ARMS.
    MI 63
  • HY-169412
    MAPK-IN-3
    MAPK-IN-3 (Compound 4a) is an anti-proliferative agent that shows particularly strong inhibitory effects on KYSE 30, HCT 116, and HGC 27, with IC50 values of 0.57 μM, 3.27 μM, and 2.28 μM, respectively. MAPK-IN-3 blocks the cell cycle via a p53-dependent mechanism and induces cell apoptosis through a p53-independent mechanism. MAPK-IN-3 downregulates the expression of cell cycle-related proteins like Cyclin D1 and cyclin B1, upregulates pro-apoptotic proteins such as cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase-7, and cleaved caspase-9, and reduces the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins like Bcl-2. Additionally, MAPK-IN-3 increases the intracellular level of ROS in KYSE 30 cells and upregulates the expression of members of the MAPK signaling pathway associated with ROS, such as p-ERK, p-p38 and p-JNK.
    MAPK-IN-3
  • HY-117652
    Lobetyol
    		p53 Activator
    Lobetyol is a natural compound that can be isolated from Lobelia chinensis. Lobetyol induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in MKN45 cells. Lobetyol shows anti-virus, anti-inflammation and anti-tumor activity. Lobetyol is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
    Lobetyol
  • HY-168877
    FMP
    		Activator
    FMP is a Platinum(IV) complexe. FMP significantly upregulates the expression of γ-H2AX and p53. FMP increases the production of ROS. FMP markedly upregulates the expressions of Apoptosis-related proteins (DR5, Fas, caspase-8, Cyt-c, caspase-3, cleaved-PARP1, Bax). FMP shows antiproliferative activity against breast cancer.
    FMP
  • HY-P11255
    SPDI-48-T1
    		Ligand
    SPDI-48-T1 is a lysine-stapled peptide. SPDI-48-T1 exhibits discernible binding affinities for MDM2 and MDMX, with Kd values of 396 nM and 456 nM, respectively. SPDI-48-T1 exhibits anticancer activity against breast cancer, colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, cervical cancer, and malignant melanoma.
    SPDI-48-T1
  • HY-131667
    Hdm2 E3 ligase inhibitor 1
    		Agonist
    Hdm2 E3 ligase inhibitor 1 (Compound 1) is a reversible inhibitor for Hdm2 (an E3 ubiquitin ligase)-mediated ubiquitination of the p53 protein with an IC50 of 12.7 μM. Hdm2 E3 ligase inhibitor 1 binds Hdm2, blocks Hdm2-catalyzed ubiquitin transfer from preligated Ub-Ubc4 to p53, inhibits p53 ubiquitination, stabilizes p53 protein in tumor cell and exhibits antitumor efficacy.
    Hdm2 E3 ligase inhibitor 1
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download MDM-2/p53 Signaling Pathway Map.

p53 is at the centre of biological interactions that translates stress signals into cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Upstream signaling to p53 increases its level and activates its function as a transcription factor in response to a wide variety of stresses, whereas downstream components execute the appropriate cellular response. 

 

Cell Stress: p53 induction by acute DNA damage begins when DNA double-strand breaks trigger activation of ATM, a kinase that phosphorylates the CHK2 kinase, or when stalled or collapsed DNA replication forks recruit ATR, which phosphorylates CHK1. p53 is a substrate for both the ATM and ATR kinases, as well as for CHK1 and CHK2, which coordinately phosphorylate p53 to promote its stabilization. These phosphorylation events are important for p53 stabilization, as some of the modifications disrupt the interaction between p53 and its negative regulators MDM2 and MDM4. MDM2 and MDM4 bind to the transcriptional activation domains of p53, thereby inhibiting p53 transactivation function, and MDM2 has additional activity as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that causes proteasome-mediated degradation of p53. Phosphorylation also allows the interaction of p53 with transcriptional cofactors, which is ultimately important for activation of target genes and for responses such as cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis and senescence. Non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl can also be activated by DNA damage. Then the JNK/p38 is activated and leads to p53 activation[1][2]. 

 

Oncogenic signaling: The response to oncogene activation depends on the binding of ARF to MDM2. ARF is normally expressed at low levels in cells. Inappropriately increased E2F or Myc signals, stemming from oncogene activation, leads to the increased expression of ARF, which inhibits MDM2 by blocking its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, uncoupling the p53-MDM2 interaction, thereby segregating it from nucleoplasmic p53[3].

 

The PI3K-Akt pathway activates MDM2 and increases the ubiquitination of p53. 

 

Reference:
[1]. Chène P, et al. Inhibiting the p53-MDM2 interaction: an important target for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003 Feb;3(2):102-9.
[2]. Brown CJ, et al. Awakening guardian angels: drugging the p53 pathway. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009 Dec;9(12):862-73. 
[3]. Polager S, et al. p53 and E2f: partners in life and death. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009 Oct;9(10):738-48. doi: 10.1038/nrc2718.