1. Anti-infection Cell Cycle/DNA Damage Immunology/Inflammation Autophagy Apoptosis
  2. Reverse Transcriptase HIV Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog NOD-like Receptor (NLR) Autophagy Apoptosis
  3. Stavudine

Stavudine (d4T) is an orally active nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). Stavudine has activity against HIV-1 and HIV-2. Stavudine also inhibits the replication of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Stavudine reduces NLRP3 inflammasome activation and modulates Amyloid-β autophagy. Stavudine induces apoptosis.

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Stavudine Chemical Structure

Stavudine Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 3056-17-5

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10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO
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Customer Review

Based on 3 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of Stavudine:

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  • Biological Activity

  • Purity & Documentation

  • References

  • Customer Review

Description

Stavudine (d4T) is an orally active nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). Stavudine has activity against HIV-1 and HIV-2. Stavudine also inhibits the replication of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Stavudine reduces NLRP3 inflammasome activation and modulates Amyloid-β autophagy. Stavudine induces apoptosis[1][2][3][4].

IC50 & Target

HIV-1

 

HIV-2

 

NLRP3

 

In Vitro

Stavudine (d4T) (50 μM) significantly reduces the expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome gene, IL-18 production and Aβ 42-stimulated cellular production of IL-1β in THP-1 derived macrophages[3].
? Stavudine (d4T) (50 μM) inhibits the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex and down-regulates the phagocytosis of Aβ 42 by macrophages[3].
? Stavudine (d4T) (10 μM, 7 or 14 days) significantly induced CEM cells apoptosis, especially after 14 days, and increases hydrogen peroxide levels[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

In Vivo

Stavudine (d4T) (500 mg/kg, daily liquid, 2 weeks) can rapidly induce fat depletion and mild liver damage at high dose in male RjOrl Swiss mice[5].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model: Male RjOrl Swiss mice weighing 0.028-0.03 kg[1]
Dosage: 500 mg/kg
Administration: Daily liquid; 2 weeks
Result: Reduced fat weight gain by 58%, 5.7 g in the control group and 4.9 g in the d4T treated group.
Significantly elevated plasma ALT and LDH levels.
Reduced plasma acetoacetic acid and beta-hydroxybutyric acid levels.
Reduced liver and muscle mtDNA levels at high dose concentration of 500 mg/kg.
Clinical Trial
Molecular Weight

224.21

Formula

C10H12N2O4

CAS No.
Appearance

Solid

SMILES

OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](N2C=C(C)C(NC2=O)=O)C=C1

Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage
Powder -20°C 3 years
4°C 2 years
In solvent -80°C 1 year
-20°C 6 months
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro: 

DMSO : 125 mg/mL (557.51 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

H2O : 16.67 mg/mL (74.35 mM; Need ultrasonic)

Preparing
Stock Solutions
Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 4.4601 mL 22.3005 mL 44.6010 mL
5 mM 0.8920 mL 4.4601 mL 8.9202 mL
View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 years; -20°C, 6 months. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

  • Molarity Calculator

  • Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass
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Concentration
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Volume
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Molecular Weight *

Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

Concentration (start)

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Volume (start)

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C2

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V2

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.15 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

    Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
  • Protocol 2

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.15 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

    Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  PBS

    Solubility: 120 mg/mL (535.21 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

g

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Calculation results:
Working solution concentration: mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
Purity & Documentation

Purity: 99.67%

References

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 years; -20°C, 6 months. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.

Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
H2O / DMSO 1 mM 4.4601 mL 22.3005 mL 44.6010 mL 111.5026 mL
5 mM 0.8920 mL 4.4601 mL 8.9202 mL 22.3005 mL
10 mM 0.4460 mL 2.2301 mL 4.4601 mL 11.1503 mL
15 mM 0.2973 mL 1.4867 mL 2.9734 mL 7.4335 mL
20 mM 0.2230 mL 1.1150 mL 2.2301 mL 5.5751 mL
25 mM 0.1784 mL 0.8920 mL 1.7840 mL 4.4601 mL
30 mM 0.1487 mL 0.7434 mL 1.4867 mL 3.7168 mL
40 mM 0.1115 mL 0.5575 mL 1.1150 mL 2.7876 mL
50 mM 0.0892 mL 0.4460 mL 0.8920 mL 2.2301 mL
60 mM 0.0743 mL 0.3717 mL 0.7434 mL 1.8584 mL
DMSO 80 mM 0.0558 mL 0.2788 mL 0.5575 mL 1.3938 mL
100 mM 0.0446 mL 0.2230 mL 0.4460 mL 1.1150 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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Help & FAQs
  • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

    Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

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