HIV-2
HIV-2 is a lentiviral human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS but usually shows lower plasma viral load, slower CD4+ T-cell decline, and reduced transmission compared with HIV-1[1][2]. Mechanistically, HIV-2 encodes Vpx, which induces proteasomal degradation of SAMHD1, relieves reverse-transcription restriction in myeloid cells and resting CD4+ T cells, and increases viral DNA synthesis in restrictive cellular models[3][4][5]. HIV-2/SIV Vpx also counteracts the HUSH repressor complex, linking intrinsic immunity with epigenetic control of proviral expression in primary CD4+ T cells[6]. In disease models and longitudinal cohorts, plasma viral load predicts CD4+ T-cell decline in HIV-2, and untreated HIV-2 can still progress to AIDS and death despite delayed disease kinetics[2][7]. Compared with related isoforms, HIV-2 encodes both Vpx and Vpr, whereas HIV-1 encodes Vpr but not Vpx, making Vpx a key experimental marker distinguishing HIV-2 biology[8]. For research applications, HIV-2 drug studies must account for intrinsic resistance to NNRTIs and enfuvirtide and for distinct resistance pathways under antiretroviral pressure[9].
References:
- [1]. Berry DJ, et al. Evaluation of genetic markers as instruments for Mendelian randomization studies on vitamin D. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e37465. [Content Brief]
- [2]. Gottlieb GS, et al. Equal plasma viral loads predict a similar rate of CD4+ T cell decline in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1- and HIV-2-infected individuals from Senegal, West Africa. J Infect Dis. 2002 Apr 1;185(7):905-14. [Content Brief]
- [3]. Laguette N, et al. SAMHD1 is the dendritic- and myeloid-cell-specific HIV-1 restriction factor counteracted by Vpx. Nature. 2011 May 25;474(7353):654-7. [Content Brief]
- [4]. Hrecka K, et al. Vpx relieves inhibition of HIV-1 infection of macrophages mediated by the SAMHD1 protein. Nature. 2011 Jun 29;474(7353):658-61. [Content Brief]
- [5]. Baldauf HM, et al. SAMHD1 restricts HIV-1 infection in resting CD4(+) T cells. Nat Med. 2012 Nov;18(11):1682-7. [Content Brief]
- [6]. Chougui G, et al. HIV-2/SIV viral protein X counteracts HUSH repressor complex. Nat Microbiol. 2018 Aug;3(8):891-897. [Content Brief]
- [7]. Esbjörnsson J, et al. Long-term follow-up of HIV-2-related AIDS and mortality in Guinea-Bissau: a prospective open cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2018 Nov 1:S2352-3018(18)30254-6. [Content Brief]
- [8]. Fujita M, et al. SAMHD1-Dependent and -Independent Functions of HIV-2/SIV Vpx Protein. Front Microbiol. 2012 Aug 10;3:297. [Content Brief]
- [9]. Smith RA, et al. Antiretroviral drug resistance in HIV-2: three amino acid changes are sufficient for classwide nucleoside analogue resistance. J Infect Dis. 2009 May 1;199(9):1323-6. [Content Brief]
All Product Categories
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HIV-2 Related Products (48)
Related Products (48)
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Plerixafor
0 ImagesSynonyms: AMD 3100; JM3100; SID791
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Emtricitabine
0 ImagesSynonyms: BW1592Emtricitabine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with an EC50 of 0.01 μM in PBMC cell. It is an antiviral agent for the treatment of HIV infection.
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Tenofovir alafenamide
0 ImagesSynonyms: GS-7340Tenofovir alafenamide (GS-7340) is an investigational oral proagent of Tenofovir. Tenofovir is a HIV-1 nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
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Stavudine
0 ImagesStavudine (d4T) is an orally active nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). Stavudine has activity against HIV-1 and HIV-2. Stavudine also inhibits the replication of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Stavudine reduces NLRP3 inflammasome activation and modulates Amyloid-β autophagy. Stavudine induces apoptosis.
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Cenicriviroc
0 ImagesSynonyms: TAK-652; TBR-652
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Elvitegravir
0 ImagesSynonyms: GS-9137; JTK-303; D06677Elvitegravir (GS-9137; JTK-303; D06677) is an HIV integrase inhibitor for HIV-1IIIB, HIV-2EHO and HIV-2ROD with IC50 of 0.7 nM, 2.8 nM and 1.4 nM, respectively.
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Tenofovir alafenamide fumarate
0 ImagesSynonyms: GS-7340 fumarateTenofovir alafenamide fumarate (GS-7340 fumarate) is an investigational oral proagent of Tenofovir. Tenofovir is a HIV-1 nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
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Etravirine
0 ImagesSynonyms: R165335; TMC125Etravirine (R165335; TMC125) is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) used for the treatment of HIV.
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Azvudine
0 ImagesSynonyms: RO-0622; FNCAzvudine (RO-0622) is a potent nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), with antiviral activity on HIV, HBV and HCV. Azvudine exerts highly potent inhibition on HIV-1 (EC50s ranging from 0.03 to 6.92 nM) and HIV-2 (EC50s ranging from 0.018 to 0.025 nM). Azvudine inhibits NRTI-resistant viral strains. Azvudine is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Azide group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAc) with molecules containing Alkyne groups. It can also undergo strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) reactions with molecules containing DBCO or BCN groups.
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Censavudine
0 ImagesSynonyms: Festinavir; BMS-986001; OBP-601Censavudine (OBP-601; BMS-986001), a nucleoside analog, is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Censavudine is a potent HIV inhibitor with EC50 ranges from 30 nM to 81 nM and 450 nM to 890 nM for HIV-2 and HIV-1, respectively. Censavudine is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
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Cenicriviroc Mesylate
0 ImagesSynonyms: TAK-652 Mesylate; TBR-652 Mesylate
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Apelin-36(human)
0 ImagesApelin-36(human) is an endogenous orphan G protein-coupled receptor APJ agonist, with an EC50 of 20 nM. Apelin-36(human) shows high affinity to human APJ receptors expressed in HEK 293 cells (pIC50=8.61). Apelin-36 has been linked to two major types of biological activities: cardiovascular and metabolic. Apelin-36(human) inhibits the entry of some HIV-1 and HIV-2 into the NP2/CD4 cells expressing APJ.
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Azvudine hydrochloride
0 ImagesSynonyms: RO-0622 hydrochloride; FNC hydrochlorideAzvudine (RO-0622) hydrochloride is a potent nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), with antiviral activity on HIV, HBV and HCV. Azvudine hydrochloride exerts highly potent inhibition on HIV-1 (EC50s ranging from 0.03 to 6.92 nM) and HIV-2 (EC50s ranging from 0.018 to 0.025 nM). Azvudine hydrochloride inhibits NRTI-resistant viral strains. Azvudine (hydrochloride) is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Azide group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAc) with molecules containing Alkyne groups. It can also undergo strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) reactions with molecules containing DBCO or BCN groups.
