CXCR7

C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR7, now officially ACKR3) is reclassified as an atypical chemokine receptor because it binds CXCL12 and CXCL11 with nanomolar affinity yet signals not through canonical Gαi-chemotaxis but through β-arrestin-biased pathways, and primarily functions as a decoy and scavenger receptor that shapes chemokine gradients. ACKR3 continuously internalizes and degrades CXCL12, thereby sculpting the CXCL12 gradient that directs CXCR4-positive cell migration during embryogenesis of the heart, cortex and vasculature; genetic deletion is embryonic or perinatal lethal depending on background. ACKR3 is expressed on endothelial cells, neurons, activated lymphocytes and cancer cells. In pathology, ACKR3 is upregulated in numerous carcinomas and gliomas, where it promotes tumor-cell proliferation and survival through ERK and PI3K signaling, cooperates with CXCR4 in metastasis, and correlates with poor prognosis. ACKR3 also modulates immunity by scavenging CXCL12 in lymphoid tissues and serving as a cofactor for certain adeno-associated viral vectors and HIV infection.