Papaveraceae

Bicuculline ((+)-Bicuculline) is A competing neurotransmitter GABA_A receptor antagonist (IC₅₀=2 μM). Bicuculline also blocks Ca²⁺ activating potassium (SK) channels and subsequently blocks slow post-hyperpolarization (slow AHP). Bicuculline has anticonvulsant activity. Bicuculline can be used to induce seizures in mice.

Sanguinarine (Sanguinarin) chloride, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid derived from the root of Sanguinaria Canadensis, can stimulate apoptosis via activating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sanguinarine-induced apoptosis is associated with the activation of JNK and NF-κB.

Chelerythrine chloride is a potent, cell-permeable inhibitor of protein kinase C, with an IC₅₀ of 660 nM. Chelerythrine chloride inhibits the Bcl-XL-Bak BH3 peptide binding with IC₅₀ of 1.5 μM and displaces Bax from Bcl-XL. Chelerythrine chloride induces apoptosis and autophagy.

Tetrahydropalmatine possesses analgesic effects. Tetrahydropalmatine acts through inhibition of amygdaloid release of dopamine to inhibit an epileptic attack in rats.

Dehydrocorydaline (13-Methylpalmatine) is an alkaloid that regulates protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2; activates caspase-7, caspase-8, and inactivates PARP. Dehydrocorydaline elevates p38 MAPK activation. Anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. Dehydrocorydaline shows strong anti-malarial effects (IC₅₀=38 nM), and low cytotoxicity (cell viability > 90%) using P. falciparum 3D7 strain.

Cryptopine is a non-narcotic isoquinoline alkaloid. Cryptopine can reduce the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR), depletes intracellular glutathione levels, stimulates lipid peroxidation, and induces cytotoxicity by disrupting the cellular defense system. Cryptopine binds stably to key targets of liver cancer and also exhibits anthelmintic activity against Dactylogyrus intermedius. Cryptopine can be used in studies related to liver cancer and Dactylogyrus intermedius infection.

Hydroprotopine hydroxyl is an alkaloid that can be isolated from Hypecoum leptocarpum.

Decumbensine ((+)-Egenine) is a phthalideisoquinoline hemiacetal alkaloid present in Corydalis decumbens. Decumbensine significantly inhibits spontaneous calcium oscillations in primary cultured neocortical neurons, reducing oscillation frequency and amplitude. Decumbensine can be used in studies related to central nervous system diseases, epilepsy and pain.

Rotundine is an antagonist of dopamine D1, D2 and D3 receptors with IC₅₀s of 166 nM, 1.4 μM and 3.3 μM, respectively. Rotundine is also an antagonist of 5-HT_1A with an IC₅₀ of 370 nM.

Corydaline ((+)-Corydaline), an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Corydalis yanhusuo, is an AChE inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 226 μM. Corydaline is a μ-opioid receptor (K_i of 1.23 μM) agonist and inhibits enterovirus 71 (EV71) replication (IC₅₀ of 25.23 μM). Corydaline has anti-angiogenic, anti-allergic and gastric-emptying and antinociceptive activities.

Noscapine ((S,R)-Noscapine) is an orally active phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid with potent antitussive. Noscapine exerts its antitussive effects by activating sigma opioid receptors and is a non-competitive Bradykinin inhibitor. Noscapine disrupts microtubule dynamics, induces mitotic arrest and apoptosis. Noscapine possesses anticancer, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory activities, and can cross the blood-brain barrier.

Chelidonine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, can be isolated from Chelidonium majus L.. Chelidonine causes G_2/M arrest and induces caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptosis, and prevents cell cycle progression of stem cells in Dugesia japonica. Chelidonine has cytotoxic activity against melanoma cell lines. with anticancer and antiviral activity.

Tetrahydroberberine is a different kind of living thing that can be extended and divided into parts. Tetrahydroberberine is a kind of effective D2 receptor antagonistic force. Tetrahydroberberine has the ability to strengthen the stomach and relieve the pressure on the stomach.

Protopine (Corydinine), an isoquinoline alkaloid, is a specific reversible and competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. Protopine exhibits anti-inflammation, anti-microbial, anti-angiogenic and anti-tumour activity.

Glaucine (O,O-Dimethylisoboldine) is an alkaloid extracted from Glaucium flavum that possesses various activities, including cough relief, bronchodilation, anti-inflammatory effects, analgesia, antipyretic properties, and anticancer effects. Glaucine acts as a selective and orally active inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), with a K_i of 3.4 µM in human bronchial tissues and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Glaucine induces relaxation of human isolated bronchi by antagonizing calcium channels. Additionally, Glaucine inhibits the activation of NF-κB, leading to a reduction in the expression of the MMP-9 gene, thereby suppressing the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Therefore, Glaucine holds potential for research in asthma and breast cancer.

Ethoxysanguinarine is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid natural product that is mainly found in Macleaya cordata. Ethoxysanguinarine is an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A). Ethoxysanguinarine induces cell apoptosis and inhibits colorectal cancer cells growth.

(±)-Stylopine (Tetrahydrocoptisine) is an alkaloid compound. (±)-Stylopine can be isolated from the tubers of the plant Corydalis. (±)-Stylopine inhibits TNF-α, IL-6, and NO production, and attenuates phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2. (±)-Stylopine inhibits NF-κB expression. (±)-Stylopine exhibits anti-inflammatory activity. (±)-Stylopine has protective effects against foot edema, gastric ulcers, anxiety, depression, and acute lung injury.

Angoline is a potent and selective IL6/STAT3 signaling pathway inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 11.56 μM. Angoline inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation and its target gene expression, and inhibits cancer cell proliferation.

Chelidonic acid is a component of Chelidonium majus L., used as an antimicrobial. Chelidonic acid also shows anti-inflammatory activity. Chelidonic acid has potential to inhibit IL-6 production by blocking NF-κB and caspase-1. Chelidonic acid is a glutamate decarboxylase inhibitor, with a K_i of 1.2 μM.

Coptisine Sulfate is an orally active and brain-penetrant alkaloid found in Coptis chinensis. Coptisine Sulfate is a reversible, uncompetitive IDO inhibitor with a K_i of 5.8 μM and an IC₅₀ of 6.3 μM. Coptisine Sulfate suppresses neuroinflammation, reduces Aβ plaque burden and shows neuroprotective activity. Coptisine Sulfate shows anti-inflammation activity by blocking NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt activation. Coptisine Sulfate inhibits cancer cells proliferation, induces DNA damage, G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction. Coptisine Sulfate inhibits Rho/ROCK pathway activation, reduces arrhythmia, limits cardiac injury marker release, reduces infarct size, and preserves cardiac function in rat myocardial ischemia/reperfusion models. Coptisine Sulfate downregulates HMGCR and upregulates LDLR and CYP7A1 to modulate cholesterol metabolism, reduces abnormal serum lipid levels, and promotes fecal bile acid excretion. Coptisine Sulfate be used for the research of cancer, hypercholesterolemia, Alzheimer’s disease, inflammatory disorders and cardiovascular disease.