2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-12866A
    Larotrectinib sulfate
    		Inducer 99.02%
    Larotrectinib sulfate (LOXO-101 sulfate; ARRY-470 sulfate) is an ATP-competitive oral, selective inhibitor of the tropomyosin-related kinase (TRK) family receptors, with low nanomolar 50% inhibitory concentrations against all three isoforms (TRKA, B, and C).
    Larotrectinib sulfate
  • HY-120356A
    T-1101 tosylate
    		Inducer 98.91%
    T-1101 tosylate (TAI-95 tosylate) is the tosylate salt form of T-1101 (HY-120356). T-1101 tosylate is an orally active inhibitor for mitose regulating highly expressed oncoprotein 1 (Hec1). T-1101 tosylate blocks the interaction between Hec1 and NEK2, exhibits cytotoxicity in human liver cancer cells with GI50 of 15-70 nM. T-1101 tosylate induces apoptosis in Huh-7. T-1101 tosylate exhibits antitumor efficacy in mouse models.
    T-1101 tosylate
  • HY-122895
    E64FC26
    		Inducer 98.48%
    E64FC26 is a potent pan-inhibitor of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family, with IC50s of 1.9, 20.9, 25.9, 16.3, and 25.4 μM against PDIA1, PDIA3, PDIA4, TXNDC5, and PDIA6, respectively. E64FC26 shows anti-myeloma activity.
    E64FC26
  • HY-130247
    Flonoltinib
    		Inducer 99.48%
    Flonoltinib is a potent and orally active dual JAK2/FLT3 inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.7 nM, 4 nM, 26 nM and 39 nM for JAK2, FLT3, JAK1 and JAK3, respectively. Flonoltinib has anti-cancer activity.
    Flonoltinib
  • HY-B0382
    Fosinopril sodium
    		Inhibitor 99.20%
    Fosinopril Sodium is the ester prodrug of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used for the treatment of hypertension and some types of chronic heart failure.
    Fosinopril sodium
  • HY-13716
    Noscapine
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Noscapine ((S,R)-Noscapine) is an orally active phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid with potent antitussive. Noscapine exerts its antitussive effects by activating sigma opioid receptors and is a non-competitive Bradykinin inhibitor. Noscapine disrupts microtubule dynamics, induces mitotic arrest and apoptosis. Noscapine possesses anticancer, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory activities, and can cross the blood-brain barrier.
    Noscapine
  • HY-10044
    WYE-132
    		Inducer 99.90%
    WYE-132 (WYE-125132) is a highly potent, ATP-competitive, and specific mTOR kinase inhibitor (IC50: 0.19±0.07 nM; >5,000-fold selective versus PI3Ks). WYE-132 (WYE-125132) inhibits mTORC1 and mTORC2.
    WYE-132
  • HY-150069
    UBX1325
    		Inducer 99.16%
    UBX1325 is an Bcl-xL inhibitor that promotes apoptosis in senescent cells. UBX1325 is a potent anti-aging agent that can be used in studies of age-related eye diseases such as diabetic macular oedema (DME), age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR).
    UBX1325
  • HY-12774
    IC261
    		Inducer 99.63%
    IC261 is a selective, ATP-competitive CK1 inhibitor, with IC50s of 1 μM, 1 μM, 16 μM for Ckiδ, Ckiε and Ckiα1, respectively.
    IC261
  • HY-122550
    Artemisitene
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Artemisitene, a natural derivative of Artemisinin, is a Nrf2 activator with antioxidant and anticancer activities. Artemisitene activates Nrf2 by decreasing Nrf2 ubiquitination and increasing its stability.
    Artemisitene
  • HY-171579
    RS47
    		Inducer 98.0%
    RS47 is a selective RelB inhibitor with a Kd value of 1.1 μM. RS47 also acts as an inhibitor of HCV replication. RS47 can block the non-canonical NF-κB signaling pathway without affecting the canonical pathway. RS47 exerts anti-tumor effects of inhibiting proliferation and promoting apoptosis on colorectal cancer, B-cell lymphoma and other related tumors both in vitro and in vivo by disrupting the binding of RelB to target DNA. RS47 can be used for the research of tumors and infectious diseases.
    RS47
  • HY-N0559
    Kirenol
    		Inducer 99.82%
    Kirenol is a diterpenoid compound, an orally active apoptosis inducer and signaling pathway regulator, with a Kd value of 5.47 μM against the target CK2. Kirenol promotes the cleavage of Bid into tBid, regulates the protein levels/phosphorylation of Bax, Bcl-2, p53 and p21, and induces caspase-independent apoptosis, S-phase cell cycle arrest, ROS accumulation and cytotoxicity in cancer cells. Kirenol activates the CK2/AKT and AMPK-mTOR-ULK1 pathways, inhibits the signaling of NF-κB, TGF-β/Smads and NLRP3 inflammasome, and regulates the GSK3β, BMP and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Kirenol induces autophagy, mitophagy and osteoblast differentiation, promotes mitochondrial fusion, and exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, renoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective and analgesic effects. Kirenol is applicable to research related to chronic myeloid leukemia, ischemic stroke, diabetic nephropathy, heart failure, acute lung injury and osteoporosis.
    Kirenol
  • HY-172113
    H122
    		Inducer 98.33%
    H122 is a PROTAC degrader for TEAD that degrades TEAD1 with a DC50 of 3 nM. H122 exhibits good affinity to TEAD2, TEAD3, and TEAD4 with Ki values of 2.0, 3.6 and 1.6 nM, respectively. H122 relies on binding to TEAD1 and CRBN, functional E3 ligase activity, and a functional proteasome for degradation.H122 induces degradation of TEAD3 and forms a ternary complex with TEAD4 and CRBN/DDB1 to mediate degradation.H122 downregulates expression of Myc target genes. H122 exhibits antitumor efficacy in MSTO-211H mouse xenograft models.H122 can be used for the research of malignant mesothelioma.
    H122
  • HY-14608S8
    L-Glutamic acid-d3
    		Inducer 99.26%
    L-Glutamic acid-d3 is the deuterium labeled L-Glutamic acid. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.
    L-Glutamic acid-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-W018026
    Oxfenicine
    		Inhibitor 99.98%
    Oxfenicine (L-p-Hydroxyphenylglycine) is an orally active carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 inhibitor. Oxfenicine inhibits the oxidation of fatty acids in the heart, protecting cardiac tissue from necrotic damage during ischemia, and also has an inhibitory effect on cardiac tissue apoptosis. In addition, Oxfenicine promotes lipolysis in a high-fat diet rat model. Oxfenicine can be used in the study of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
    Oxfenicine
  • HY-132182
    HPA-12
    		Inhibitor 99.40%
    HPA-12 is a blood-brain barrier-permeable small-molecule inhibitor of ceramide transfer protein (CERT) with four stereoisomers (the (1R,3R)-stereoisomer exhibits the highest activity). HPA-12 blocks the transport of ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus by binding to the START domain of CERT, leading to intracellular ceramide accumulation and inhibition of sphingomyelin (SM) synthesis. HPA-12 induces endoplasmic reticulum stress via the GRP78/ATF6/CHOP axis and activates mitochondrial autophagy, thereby inhibiting cell growth and inducing apoptosis. In in vivo experiments, HPA-12 significantly reduces the leukemia burden and splenomegaly in mouse models of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and prolongs survival. HPA-12 is applicable for the research of lipid metabolism in acute myeloid leukemia and Alzheimer's disease.
    HPA-12
  • HY-B0596
    Taltirelin
    		Inhibitor 99.91%
    Taltirelin (TA-0910) is an orally effective analogue of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and a TRH receptor (TRH-R) superagonist (IC50 at 910 nM). Taltirelin can cross the blood-brain barrier. Taltirelin stimulates an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration (Ca2+ release) with an EC50 value of 36 nM. Taltirelin increases cell viability and reduces apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells and primary rat mesencephalic neurons treated with MPP+ (HY-W008719) or Rotenone (HY-B1756). Taltirelin has neuroprotective effects in both cellular and animal models of Parkinson's disease. Taltirelin alleviates fatigue-like behavior in mouse models of cancer-related fatigue.
    Taltirelin
  • HY-N0244
    Theaflavin-3'-gallate
    		Inhibitor 98.79%
    Theaflavin-3'-gallate is a monomer of theaflavins found in black tea, which has anti-UVB damage activity and inhibits cell apoptosis and necroptosis. Theaflavin-3'-gallate acts as a pro-oxidant and induces oxidative stress in cancer cells, inhibiting xanthine oxidase (OX), with an IC50 of 7.6 μM.
    Theaflavin-3'-gallate
  • HY-148771
    MTX-23
    		Inducer 99.79%
    MTX-23 is an AR-based PROTAC. MTX-23 inhibits CaP cellular proliferation by degrading AR-V7 and AR-FL. MTX-23 induces apoptosis.
    MTX-23
  • HY-158039
    YCH2823
    		Inducer 99.87%
    YCH2823 is an inhibitor of USP7 (IC50 = 49.6 nM; Kd = 0.117 μM). YCH2823 shows significant efficacy in inhibiting TP53 wild-type and mutant tumors, with approximately 5-fold higher potency than FT671. YCH2823 induce apoptosis. YCH2823 synergistic effects with mTOR inhibitors.
    YCH2823
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity