2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0399R
    Wogonoside (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Wogonoside (Standard) is the analytical standard of Wogonoside. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Wogonoside, a flavonoid glycoside isolated from Huangqin, possesses anti-inflammatory effects. Wogonoside induces autophagy in breast cancer cells by regulating MAPK-mTOR pathway.
    Wogonoside (Standard)
  • HY-175221
    WHN-11
    		Inducer
    WHN-11 is an amino-Artemisinin (HY-B0094) derivative with anti-cancer activity against various cancer cell lines. WHN-11 deprives the cell of ATP, activates autophagy, and causes subsequent cell death by apoptosis. WHN-11 alters cellular protein homeostasis pathways to induce mitochondrial fission and dysfunction. WHN-11's anti-cancer activity is independent of substantive ROS production. WHN-11 can be used for the study of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).
    WHN-11
  • HY-B0260S2
    Methylprednisolone-d4
    		Inhibitor
    Methylprednisolone-d4 is deuterium labeled Methylprednisolone. Methylprednisolone is a synthetic corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Methylprednisolone improve severe or critical COVID-19 by activating ACE2 and reducing IL-6 levels.
    Methylprednisolone-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-15122AR
    Sinomenine hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Sinomenine hydrochloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sinomenine hydrochloride. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sinomenine hydrochloride (Cucoline hydrochloride), an alkaloid extracted from Sinomenium acutum, is a blocker of the NF-κB activation. Sinomenine also is an activator of μ-opioid receptor.
    Sinomenine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-N0706R
    Gracillin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Gracillin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Gracillin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Gracillin is a steroidal saponin that can be extracted from the roots of the plant and has anti-tumor properties. Gracillin can induce cancer cell apoptosis and autophagy.
    Gracillin (Standard)
  • HY-161202
    Thalidomide-piperidine-O-piperidine-C2-OH
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-piperidine-O-piperidine-C2-OH is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. Thalidomide-piperidine-O-piperidine-C2-OH can serve as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-piperidine-O-piperidine-C2-OH
  • HY-50898S5
    Lapatinib-13C,d7
    		Inducer
    Lapatinib-13C,d7 (GW572016-13C,d7) is the deuterium and 13C-labeled Lapatinib (HY-50898). Lapatinib (GW572016) is a potent, orally active inhibitor of the ErbB-2 and EGFR tyrosine kinase domains with IC50 values against purified EGFR and ErbB-2 of 10.2 and 9.8 nM, respectively.
    Lapatinib-</sub><sup>13</sup>C,d<sub>7</sub>
  • HY-176064
    HDAC6-IN-58
    		Inducer
    HDAC6-IN-58 (compound 24c) is a selective HDAC6 inhibitor with IC50 values of 9.5 nM and 7374.5 nM for HDAC6 and HDAC1, respectively. HDAC6-IN-58 increases tubulin acetylation, exerts antiproliferative effects, and induces autophagy.
    HDAC6-IN-58
  • HY-112509
    STL427944
    		Inhibitor
    STL427944 is a potent and selective FOXM1 inhibitor. STL427944 has the potential for the research of overcoming tumor chemoresistance.
    STL427944
  • HY-161257
    CDC20-IN-1
    		Inducer
    CDC20-IN-1 (Compound E1) is a specific inhibitor of CDC20 and can be used in triple-negative breast cancer research. CDC20-IN-1 can induce autophagy in cancer cells and inhibit MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation, with an IC50 value of 1.43 μM.
    CDC20-IN-1
  • HY-W584516
    Thalidomide-5-NH-CH2-COO(t-Bu)
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-5-NH-CH2-COO(t-Bu) is a t-Bu modified Thalidomide (HY-14658), which acts as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein. The t-Bu protecting group at the end of Thalidomide-5-NH-CH2-COO(t-Bu) can be removed under acidic conditions to participate in the synthesis of PROTAC molecules. Thalidomide-5-NH-CH2-COO(t-Bu) is a key intermediate in the synthesis of CRBN-based PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-5-NH-CH2-COO(t-Bu)
  • HY-15431S
    Capivasertib-d4
    		Inhibitor
    Capivasertib-d4 (AZd5363-d4) is the deuterium labeled Capivasertib (HY-15431). Capivasertib (AZD5363) is an orally active and potent pan-AKT kinase inhibitor with IC50 of 3, 7 and 7 nM for Akt1,Akt2 and Akt3, respectively.
    Capivasertib-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-N0072R
    Brazilin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Brazilin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Brazilin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Brazilin is a red dye precursor obtained from the heartwood of several species of tropical hardwoods. Brazilin inhibits the cells proliferation, promotes apoptosis, and induces autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Brazilin shows chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities.
    Brazilin (Standard)
  • HY-10071A
    Y-27632 hydrochloride hydrate
    		Inducer 99.65%
    Y-27632 hydrochloride hydrate is a ROCK inhibitor with Ki values of 220 nM and 300 nM for ROCK1 and ROCK2, respectively. Y-27632 hydrochloride hydrate exerts anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in systemic lupus erythematosus models by inhibiting the ROCK/NF-κB pathway. Y-27632 hydrochloride hydrate enhances autophagy by inhibiting the AKT/mTOR pathway, thereby inducing apoptosis apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Y-27632 hydrochloride hydrate induces the formation of tunneling nanotubes in ARPE-19 cells and significantly enhances mitochondrial transfer through these channels. Y-27632 hydrochloride hydrate promotes neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells by activating the Rac1/NOX1/ROS/AKT/PAK1 signaling cascade.
    Y-27632 hydrochloride hydrate
  • HY-112774A
    ICSN3250 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    ICSN3250 hydrochloride is a halitulin analogue and a mTORC1 inhibitor. ICSN3250 hydrochloride directly binds to mTOR's FRB domain and displaces phosphatidic acid (PA), reversing mTORC1 activation. ICSN3250 hydrochloride shows high cytotoxicity in cancer cells (nanomolar concentration) through a caspase-independent cell death mechanism. ICSN3250 hydrochloride specifically inhibits the mTORC1 pathway, inducing autophagy and G0-G1 cell-cycle arrest in cancer cells. ICSN3250 hydrochloride can be used for the study of cancer .
    ICSN3250 hydrochloride
  • HY-W010201S1
    Citronellol-d3
    Citronellol-d3 ( (±)-Citronelloll-d3) is the deuterium labeled Citronellol (HY-W010201). Citronellol ((±)-Citronellol) is an orally active inducer of apoptosis. Citronellol can prevent oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in the SH-SY5Y cell Parkinson's disease model induced by 6-OHDA by regulating the ROS-NO, MAPK/ERK, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Citronellol can induce necroptosis in human lung cancer cells through the TNF-α pathway and accumulation of ROS. Citronellol can reduce the levels of LC-3 and p62 to regulate the autophagy pathway, inhibit oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and thus have neuroprotective effects on Parkinson's rats. Citronellol exhibits anti-fungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis.
    Citronellol-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-B1773AR
    Sodium propionate (Standard)
    		Activator
    Sodium propionate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sodium propionate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sodium propionate is an orally active short-chain fatty acid. Sodium propionate can be produced by intestinal bacteria from the metabolism of dietary fiber. Sodium propionate increases PPAR-γ, inhibits NF-κB activation, and reduces COX-2 expression and NO production. Sodium propionate also induces Apoptosis and Autophagy. Sodium propionate reduces HSV-1-induced keratitis. Sodium propionate has anticancer effects against glioblastoma. Sodium propionate exhibits neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Sodium propionate can be used in the research of spinal cord injury and Alzheimer's disease.
    Sodium propionate (Standard)
  • HY-159605
    Autophagy inducer 5
    		Inducer
    Autophagy inducer 5 (compound 21o) is a potent MCF-7 inhibitor (IC50: 2 μM), and a potential breast cancer inhibitor. Autophagy inducer 5 induces cellular autophagy by activating the ROS/JNK signaling pathway, which increases ROS generation and JNK phosphorylation, exerting cytotoxic effects.
    Autophagy inducer 5
  • HY-13630R
    Etoposide phosphate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Etoposide phosphate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Etoposide phosphate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Etoposide phosphate (BMY-40481) is a potent anti-cancer chemotherapy agent and a selective topoisomerase II inhibitor to prevent re-ligation of DNA strands. Etoposide phosphate is the phosphate ester proagent of etoposide and is considered as active equivalent to Etoposide. Etoposide phosphate induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy.
    Etoposide phosphate (Standard)
  • HY-183737
    ATG5/TECAIR-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    ATG5/TECAIR-IN-1 is a ATG5-TECAIR interaction inhibitor with an IC50 of 20.79 μM. ATG5/TECAIR-IN-1 inhibits autophagy. TG5/TECAIR-IN-1 is applicable to research on modulating protein-protein interactions to intervene in autophagy-related diseases, such as infectious diseases and cancers.
    ATG5/TECAIR-IN-1
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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