2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-184214
    Antileishmanial agent-44
    		Inducer
    Antileishmanial agent-44 is a histone deacetylase inhibitor targeting Leishmania donovani Sir2, with an IC50 of 0.652 μM against amastigotes. Antileishmanial agent-44 elevates ROS levels to induce oxidative stress, which causes mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, cytochrome c release, phosphatidylserine externalization and DNA fragmentation, triggers apoptosis-like cell death, and arrests the cell cycle. Antileishmanial agent-44 upregulates the expression of Th1-type cytokines and NO in macrophages, reshapes host immune responses to eliminate intracellular parasites. Antileishmanial agent-44 inhibits parasites in infected golden hamsters in vivo. Antileishmanial agent-44 can be used for the research of visceral leishmaniasis.
    Antileishmanial agent-44
  • HY-D0187B
    L-Glutathione reduced monosodium
    L-Glutathione reduced monosodium is an endogenous antioxidant and is capable of scavenging oxygen-derived free radicals.
    L-Glutathione reduced monosodium
  • HY-N19875
    Myrseguinoside A
    		Control
    Myrseguinoside A is a monoterpene glucoside found in the fruits of Myrsine seguinii. Myrseguinoside A does not exhibit significant DPPH radical-scavenging activity or growth inhibitory activity toward human cancer cells. Myrseguinoside A can be used for cancer research.
    Myrseguinoside A
  • HY-W725476
    Bifenazate-d5
    Bifenazate-d5 is the deuterium labeled Bifenazate (HY-119687). Bifenazate is a carbazate acaricide that control 100% of mites at a concentration of 25 ppm. Bifenazate is a positive allosteric modulator of GABA receptor. Bifenazate is the inhibitor for the mitochondrial electron transport chain complex III.
    Bifenazate-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-W800105
    Geranyl isovalerate
    		Activator
    Geranyl isovalerate is a chemical component that can be extracted from Argyreia Nervosa. Geranyl isovalerate inhibits cancer cell proliferation in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Geranyl isovalerate activates the apoptotic pathway by inducing mitochondrial membrane potential loss and ROS accumulation. Geranyl isovalerate can be used for cancer research.
    Geranyl isovalerate
  • HY-155065
    SB-1295
    		Inducer
    SB-1295 is an orally active CDK9/T1 inhibitor (IC50=0.17 μM). SB-1295 shows antiproliferative activity in HCT 116 and MIA PaCa-2 cells. SB-1295 also induces MIA PaCa-2 cell death by inducing intracellular ROS production, reducing mitochondrial membrane potential and inducing apoptosis. SB-1295 has the potential to study cancer.
    SB-1295
  • HY-149036
    PAA5
    		Inducer
    PAA5 is a methide carbon-centered polynuclear Au(I) cluster. PAA5 can release Au(I) causing Pro-oxidant response and accelerated ferroptosis. PAA5 increases the expression of pH2AX in a time-dependent manner. PAA5 has anticancer activity.
    PAA5
  • HY-178935
    α-Amylase-IN-14
    		Inhibitor
    α-Amylase-IN-14, a derivative of Nicotinic (HY-B0143), is an α-amylase inhibitor and has good interactions with α-amylase protein (-5.55 kcal/mol). α-Amylase-IN-14 is a dual anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperglycemic agent. α-Amylase-IN-14 exhibits good results against DPPH and ABTS radicals. α-Amylase-IN-14 can be used for the study of diabetes.
    α-Amylase-IN-14
  • HY-182295
    Negundoside
    		Inhibitor
    Negundoside is an iridoid glycoside compound. Negundoside exhibits hepatoprotective effects, reduces ROS, lipid peroxidation and intracellular calcium ion levels, and prevents the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and apoptosis (apoptosis). Negundoside has neuroprotective effects, improves behavioral deficits, alleviates oxidative damage, and ameliorates cerebral infarction. Negundoside also possesses antibacterial and antiparasitic activities.
    Negundoside
  • HY-139211
    Difluorinated Curcumin
    		Inhibitor 99.56%
    Difluorinated Curcumin (3,4-Difluorobenzylidene curcumin) is a fluorinated curcumin analog with high bioavailability and anticancer activity. Difluorinated Curcumin inhibits the self-renewal ability of tumor stem/stem-like cells, clonogenicity, invasiveness and angiogenesis of tumor cells. Difluorinated Curcumin also increases cell sensitivity to chemotherapy.
    Difluorinated Curcumin
  • HY-183567
    Ferroptosis-IN-27
    		Inhibitor
    Ferroptosis-IN-27 is a glutathione peroxidase (GPx) mimetic. Ferroptosis-IN-27 inhibits oxidative stress, reduces intracellular ROS levels, decreases lipid peroxidation and alleviates ferrous ion overload, thereby inhibiting ferroptosis and protecting cardiomyocytes from Doxorubicin (HY-15142A)-induced injury. Ferroptosis-IN-27 can be used in studies related to Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.
    Ferroptosis-IN-27
  • HY-178454
    Multitarget AD-IN-3
    		Inhibitor
    Multitarget AD-IN-3 is a brain-penetrant neuroprotective agent. Multitarget AD-IN-3 can selectively inhibit MAO-B with an IC50 of 4.42 μM and a SI of 18.12. Multitarget AD-IN-3 can eliminate ROS. Multitarget AD-IN-3 Multitarget AD-IN-3 can inhibit Aβ1-42 self-aggregation and can reverse Aβ1-42-induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization and inhibit apoptosis. Multitarget AD-IN-3 can be used for the research of neurological disease, such as Alzheimer’s disease.
    Multitarget AD-IN-3
  • HY-N0638R
    Dendrobine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Dendrobine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dendrobine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dendrobine is an alkaloid isolated from Dendrobium nobile. Dendrobine possesses antiviral activity against influenza A viruses, with IC50s of 3.39 μM, 2.16 μM and 5.32 μM for A/FM-1/1/47 (H1N1), A/Puerto Rico/8/34 H274Y (H1N1) and A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2), respectively. Dendrobine activates the JNK/p38/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Dendrobine exhibits antiviral, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties.
    Dendrobine (Standard)
  • HY-N0070R
    Solasonine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Solasonine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Solasonine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Solasonine is a ferroptosis inducer which can be isolated from Solanum melongena that has anti-infection, anti-cancer, and neurogenesis promoting properties. Solasonine promotes ferroptosis of HCC cells via destruction of the glutathione redox system induced by inhibiting GPX4, and can be used for cancer research.
    Solasonine (Standard)
  • HY-180820
    Dimethyl bisphenolate
    		Inducer
    Dimethyl bisphenolate (Compound DMB) is a natural neolignan derivative with orally active anti-tumor activity. Dimethyl bisphenolate can inhibit cancer cells proliferation, invasion and migration. Dimethyl bisphenolate can activate the p53 signaling pathway, upregulate the expression of p21 protein, inhibit the activity of the CDK1-cyclin B1 complex, and cause cells to stall at the G2/M phase. Dimethyl bisphenolate can induce ROS production, upregulate pro-apoptotic proteins Noxa and Bim, downregulate anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, activate caspase-9 and caspase-3, and ultimately induce cell apoptosis. Dimethyl bisphenolate can be used for research of glioblastoma.
    Dimethyl bisphenolate
  • HY-N11887
    Linocinnamarin
    		Inhibitor
    Linocinnamarin is a nature product that could be isolated from Fragaria ananassa Duch. Linocinnamarin has anti-inflammatory activity. Linocinnamarin inhibits antigen-stimulated elevation of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) .
    Linocinnamarin
  • HY-B0847S1
    Propiconazole-d3 nitrate
    		Activator
    Propiconazole-d3 (nitrate) is the deuterium labeled Propiconazole nitrate. Propiconazole is a broad-spectrum triazole fungicide that inhibits the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, leading to fungal cell membrane disruption. Propiconazole inhibits S. cerevisiae, but not rat liver, microsomal cytochrome P450 (IC50s=0.04 and >200 µM, respectively). Propiconazole inhibits the growth of T. deformans and R. stolonifer (ED50s=0.073 and 4.6 µg/mL, respectively). Propiconazole increases production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
    Propiconazole-d<sub>3</sub> nitrate
  • HY-N1326
    Santamarine
    		98.85%
    Santamarine (Santamarin; Balchanin) is a sesquiterpene lactone found in Artemisia scoparia. Santamarine shows anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer and anti-photoaging activities. Santamarine suppresses UVA-induced phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK, nuclear translocation of phosphorylated c-Fos and c-Jun, and AP-1-mediated MMP-1 transcription and secretion. Santamarine suppresses NF-κB signaling, iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-1β production. Santamarine inhibits thioredoxin reductase activity, induces ROS production, mitochondrial apoptosis, G2/M cell cycle arrest, and DNA damage, and reduces cancer cell growth. Santamarine can be used for the photoaging, inflammatory diseases and cancer.
    Santamarine
  • HY-181953
    STIM1-TFR1-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    STIM1-TFR1-IN-1 is an orally active stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1)-transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1) protein complex inhibitor with a Kd of 2.18 μM for STIM1-CD protein. STIM1-TFR1-IN-1 blocks STIM1-TFR1 interaction and reduce TFR1-mediated iron uptake activity. STIM1-TFR1-IN-1 inhibits ferroptosis, lipid peroxidation and ROS production, enhances glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) activity and glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio, and rescues ferroptosis-associated mitochondrial morphological changes. STIM1-TFR1-IN-1 exhibits neuroprotective
    effects and reduces brain injury. STIM1-TFR1-IN-1 can be used for the research of intracerebral hemorrhage.
    STIM1-TFR1-IN-1
  • HY-P10519
    Brevicidine
    		Inducer
    Brevicidine is an antimicrobial peptide with selective bactericidal activity against Gram-negative pathogens. Brevicidine disrupts bacterial morphology by binding to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the bacterial cell membrane to form pores. Brevicidine causes dissipation of intracellular proton motive force, outer membrane damage, inhibition of ATP biosynthesis and reactive oxygen species accumulation in bacterial cells. As a sensitizer, Brevicidine exerts synergistic activity when combined with a variety of conventional antibiotics.
    Brevicidine
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity