2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. TNF Receptor

TNF Receptor

Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor; TNFR

TNF Receptor

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Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major mediator of apoptosis as well as inflammation and immunity, and it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide spectrum of human diseases, including sepsis, diabetes, cancer, osteoporosis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel diseases.

TNF-α is a 17-kDa protein consisting of 157 amino acids that is a homotrimer in solution. In humans, the gene is mapped to chromosome 6. Its bioactivity is mainly regulated by soluble TNF-α–binding receptors. TNF-α is mainly produced by activated macrophages, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells. Lower expression is known for a variety of other cells, including fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and tumor cells. In cells, TNF-α is synthesized as pro-TNF (26 kDa), which is membrane-bound and is released upon cleavage of its pro domain by TNF-converting enzyme (TACE).

Many of the TNF-induced cellular responses are mediated by either one of the two TNF receptors, TNF-R1 and TNF-R2, both of which belong to the TNF receptor super-family. In response to TNF treatment, the transcription factor NF-κB and MAP kinases, including ERK, p38 and JNK, are activated in most types of cells and, in some cases, apoptosis or necrosis could also be induced. However, induction of apoptosis or necrosis is mainly achieved through TNFR1, which is also known as a death receptor. Activation of the NF-κB and MAPKs plays an important role in the induction of many cytokines and immune-regulatory proteins and is pivotal for many inflammatory responses.

TNF Receptor Isoform Specific Products:

TNF Receptor Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-P991149
    Nesfrotamig
    		Inhibitor 99.22%
    Nesfrotamig (YH32367; ABL105) is a bispecific activator targeting HER2 and 4-1BB. The Kd values of Nesfrotamig for human HER2 and human 4-1BB are 0.48 nM and 3.36 nM, respectively. By blocking tumor cell growth signals, activating HER2-dependent local 4-1BB in tumors to maintain T cell survival, and inducing NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, Nesfrotamig enhances the cytotoxicity and tumor infiltration ability of immune cells. Nesfrotamig promotes the generation of tumor-specific memory T cells, drives T cell-mediated tumor lysis, exhibits significant anti-tumor efficacy against both HER2-positive and HER2-low-expressing tumors, and shows synergistic activity when combined with anti-PD-1 antibodies. In cynomolgus monkey studies, Nesfrotamig demonstrates good safety and is suitable for research related to HER2-positive and HER2-low-expressing tumors.
    Nesfrotamig
  • HY-N3595
    Cleomiscosin A
    		Inhibitor 99.15%
    Cleomiscosin A is a coumarino-lignoid from branch of Macaranga adenantha. Cleomiscosin A is active against TNF-alpha secretion of the mouse peritoneal macrophages.
    Cleomiscosin A
  • HY-W342283
    Diminazene
    		Inhibitor
    Diminazene is an antiparasitic agent widely used to treat parasitic diseases caused by hemoparasites (such as trypanosomes and babesia). Diminazene acts as an ACE2 activator and exerts cardiovascular protective effects by activating the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis. By regulating gut microbiota-tryptophan metabolism, Diminazene inhibits the activation of core inflammatory signaling pathways including MAPK, STAT and NF-κB, increases central 5-HT levels, and suppresses splenic TNF-α production, thereby alleviating systemic inflammation.
    Diminazene
  • HY-117082
    UTL-5g
    		Inhibitor 99.92%
    UTL-5g (GBL-5g), an anti-inflammatory TNF-α inhibitor, has chemoprotective and liver radioprotective effects. UTL-5g lowers hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and myelotoxicity induced by Cisplatin through TNF-α inhibition among other factors.
    UTL-5g
  • HY-125025
    SMI 6860766
    		Inhibitor
    SMI 6860766, a small molecule inhibitor of CD40-TRAF6 interaction, improves glucose tolerance, reduces immune cell accumulation in adipose tissue, and reduces AT inflammation.
    SMI 6860766
  • HY-116678A
    Cloricromen hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.82%
    Cloricromen (Cloricromene) hydrochloride is a platelet aggregation inhibitor. Cloricromen hydrochloride can inhibit platelet aggregation in man and in experimental thrombosis.
    Cloricromen hydrochloride
  • HY-P990564
    Senlizumab
    		Inhibitor
    Senlizumab is a humanized antibody expressed in CHO cells that targets TNFSF2/TNFa. Senlizumab is composed of huIgG4SP heavy chains and huκ light chains, with a predicted molecular weight (MW) of 146.9 kDa. The isotype control for Senlizumab can refer to Human IgG4 kappa, Isotype Control (HY-P99003).
    Senlizumab
  • HY-154821
    DRI-C21041
    		Inhibitor
    DRI-C21041 is a CD40/CD40L interaction inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.31 μM. DRI-C21041 inhibits the immune response induced by alloantigen.
    DRI-C21041
  • HY-160178
    Glucocorticoid receptor agonist-3 Ala-Ala-Mal
    		Inhibitor 99.72%
    Glucocorticoid receptor agonist-3 Ala-Ala-Mal (Compound Preparation 8) is an anti-human TNFα antibody-glucocorticoid receptor agonist (GC) conjugate. Glucocorticoid receptor agonist-3 Ala-Ala-Mal can be used in the study of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
    Glucocorticoid receptor agonist-3 Ala-Ala-Mal
  • HY-N3979
    Grossamide
    		Inhibitor 98.0%
    Grossamide is a natural product that can be isolated from fructus cannabis, the dried fruit of Cannabis sativa L.. Grossamide has anti-neuroinflammatory effects.
    Grossamide
  • HY-N4267
    Yangambin
    		Inhibitor 98.27%
    Yangambin is a PAF receptor antagonist and UGT1A1/UGT1A3 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 29.7 μM and a Ki of 17.1 μM against human UGT1A1, and an IC50 of 56.5 μM and a Ki of 66.8 μM against human UGT1A3. Yangambin blocks PAF-mediated responses, inhibits LTB4-mediated neutrophil infiltration, and suppresses inflammatory events and anaphylactic contraction. Yangambin acts as a central nervous system inhibitor to reduce spontaneous activity, and also exhibits analgesic, anticonvulsant, antileishmanial, vasodilatory and hypotensive effects. Yangambin blocks voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, reduces the production of NO, TNF-α, IL-6 and PGE2 in cells, increases the production of IL-10, and exerts a protective effect against cardiovascular injury. Yangambin can be used in research related to allergies, cutaneous leishmaniasis, central nervous system diseases and cardiovascular diseases.
    Yangambin
  • HY-12085S
    Apremilast-d5
    		Inhibitor 99.26%
    Apremilast-d5 is a deuterium labeled Apremilast. Apremilast is an orally available inhibitor of type-4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE-4) with an IC50 of 74 nM. Apremilast inhibits TNF-α release by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with an IC50 of 104 nM.
    Apremilast-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-N0619A
    cis-Mulberroside A
    		Inhibitor
    cis-Mulberroside A (Mulberroside D) is the cis-isomer of Mulberroside A. Mulberroside A is one of the main bioactive constituent in mulberry (Morus alba L.). Mulberroside A decreases the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and inhibits the activation of NALP3, caspase-1, and NF-κB and the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38, exhibiting anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. Mulberroside A shows inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase with an IC50 of 53.6 μM.
    cis-Mulberroside A
  • HY-129151
    Ganoderic acid C1
    		Inhibitor
    Ganoderic acid C1, a natural compound that could be isolated from G. lucidum, suppresses TNF-α production by murine macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells).
    Ganoderic acid C1
  • HY-P99893
    Rozibafusp alfa
    		Inhibitor
    Rozibafusp alfa (AMG-570) is a humanized IgG2-κ monoclonal antibody targets ICOSL and BAFF. Rozibafusp alfa can be used for the research of systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases.
    Rozibafusp alfa
  • HY-161016
    TNF/IFN-γ-IN-1
    		Inhibitor 99.39%
    TNF/IFN-γ-IN-1 (compound TGA) is a dual inhibitor of TNF and IFN-γ. TNF/IFN-γ-IN-1 can used in study Alzheimer’s disease.
    TNF/IFN-γ-IN-1
  • HY-P991686
    Gamgertamig
    		Inhibitor
    Gamgertamig is a humanized IgG4 bispecific antibody targeting TNFRSF17 & CD3E.
    Gamgertamig
  • HY-P99663
    Inezetamab
    		Inhibitor 99.77%
    Inezetamab is a bispecific anti-CD40 and anti-MSLN IgG1 monoclonal antibody.
    Inezetamab
  • HY-176192
    SMU-14a
    		Inhibitor
    SMU-14a is a selective Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) inhibitor wirh an IC50 of 0.18 μM. SMU-14a reduces phosphorylation of p65, ERK, and TBK1 via NF-κB, MAPK, and IRF3 signaling pathways. SMU-14a inhibits IL-6 secretion in mouse peritoneal macrophages, downregulates TNF-α in human peripheral blood monocytes and decreases serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. SMU-14a can be used for the research of acute hepatitis.
    SMU-14a
  • HY-178041
    BRD4-BD1/2-IN-3
    		Inhibitor 99.52%
    BRD4-BD1/2-IN-3 (Compound B6) is a selective BRD4 BD2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.41  nM for BRD4 BD2 over BRD4 BD1. BRD4-BD1/2-IN-3 significantly inhibits the LPS (HY-D1056)-induced expression of IL-6. BRD4-BD1/2-IN-3 shows anti-inflammatory activities by modulating the TNF and NF-κB signaling pathway. BRD4-BD1/2-IN-3 can be used for inflammatory diseases research.
    BRD4-BD1/2-IN-3
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Species Source
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download TNF Receptor Signaling Pathway Map.

Following the binding of TNF to TNF receptors, TNFR1 binds to TRADD, which recruits RIPK1, TRAF2/5 and cIAP1/2 to form TNFR1 signaling complex I; TNFR2 binds to TRAF1/2 directly to recruit cIAP1/2. Both cIAP1 and cIAP2 are E3 ubiquitin ligases that add K63 linked polyubiquitin chains to RIPK1 and other components of the signaling complex. The ubiquitin ligase activity of the cIAPs is needed to recruit the LUBAC, which adds M1 linked linear polyubiquitin chains to RIPK1. K63 polyubiquitylated RIPK1 recruits TAB2, TAB3 and TAK1, which activate signaling mediated by JNK and p38, as well as the IκB kinase complex. The IKK complex then activates NF-κB signaling, which leads to the transcription of anti-apoptotic factors-such as FLIP and Bcl-XL-that promote cell survival. 

 

The formation of TNFR1 complex IIa and complex IIb depends on non-ubiquitylated RIPK1. For the formation of complex IIa, ubiquitylated RIPK1 in complex I is deubiquitylated by CYLD. This deubiquitylated RIPK1 dissociates from the membrane-bound complex and moves into the cytosol, where it interacts with TRADD, FADD, Pro-caspase 8 and FLIPL to form complex IIa. By contrast, complex IIb is formed when the RIPK1 in complex I is not ubiquitylated owing to conditions that have resulted in the depletion of cIAPs, which normally ubiquitylate RIPK1. This non-ubiquitylated RIPK1 dissociates from complex I, moves into the cytosol, and assembles with FADD, Pro-caspase 8, FLIPL and RIPK3 (but not TRADD) to form complex IIb. For either complex IIa or complex IIb to prevent necroptosis, both RIPK1 and RIPK3 must be inactivated by the cleavage activity of the Pro-caspase 8-FLIPL heterodimer or fully activated caspase 8. The Pro-caspase 8 homodimer generates active Caspase 8, which is released from complex IIa and complex IIb. This active Caspase 8 then carries out cleavage reactions to activate downstream executioner caspases and thus induce classical apoptosis. 

 

Formation of the complex IIc (necrosome) is initiated either by RIPK1 deubiquitylation mediated by CYLD or by RIPK1 non-ubiquitylation due to depletion of cIAPs, similar to complex IIa and complex IIb formation. RIPK1 recruits numerous RIPK3 molecules. They come together to form amyloid microfilaments called necrosomes. Activated RIPK3 phosphorylates and recruits MLKL, eventually leading to the formation of a supramolecular protein complex at the plasma membrane and necroptosis [1][2].

 

Reference:
[1]. Brenner D, et al. Regulation of tumour necrosis factor signalling: live or let die.Nat Rev Immunol. 2015 Jun;15(6):362-74. 
[2]. Conrad M, et al. Regulated necrosis: disease relevance and therapeutic opportunities.Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2016 May;15(5):348-66. 
 

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