2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0747
    Oxypeucedanin
    		Inducer 99.50%
    Oxypeucedanin is a furanocoumarin derivative found in Angelica dahurica. Oxypeucedanin is an orally active PI3K/AKT/NF-κB, MAPK, and ROS inhibitor. Oxypeucedanin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Oxypeucedanin inhibits hKv1.5 channel currents (IC50: 76 nM). Oxypeucedanin exhibits anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiarrhythmic activities.
    Oxypeucedanin
  • HY-19350
    BML-210
    		Inducer 98.04%
    BML-210 is a potent HDAC inhibitor. BML-210 can inhibit the HDAC4-VP16-driven reporter signal with an apparent IC50 of ∼5 µM. BML-210 has a specific disruptive effect on the HDAC4:MEF2 interaction. BML-210 causes an increase in the G0/G1 phase. BML-210 induces apoptosis and displays antitumour activities in orthotopic mammary tumours in mice.
    BML-210
  • HY-113380
    (S)-β-Aminoisobutyric acid
    		Inhibitor 99.59%
    (S)-β-Aminoisobutyric acid is an orally active S-isomer of β-Aminoisobutyric acid (HY-W012974). (S)-β-Aminoisobutyric acid can be produced through the catabolism of thymine and valine. (S)-β-Aminoisobutyric acid reduces apoptosis and increases the ratio of p-AMPK. (S)-β-Aminoisobutyric acid has cardioprotective effects. (S)-β-Aminoisobutyric acid is associated with acute aerobic exercise.
    (S)-β-Aminoisobutyric acid
  • HY-W011683
    2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate
    		Inducer 99.89%
    2′-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate is an adenine nucleoside that inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin release. 2′-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate inhibits glucose-stimulated increases seen in islet cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation. 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate activates caspase-3 and promotes apoptosis. 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate inhibits the activity of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH). 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate inhibits the growth of various cells. 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate has an anticancer effect on colon cancer.
    2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate
  • HY-N2541
    Gymnemic acid I
    		Inhibitor 98.84%
    Gymnemic acid I is a bioactive triterpene saponin found in Gymnema sylvestre. Gymnemic acid I is an antisweetness inhibitor via human sweet receptor type 1 receptor 2 (T1R2) and T1R3. Gymnemic acid I is a ribosomal protein biosynthesis inhibitor. Gymnemic acid I has antidiabetic effects. Gymnema acid I induces autophagy-protected MIN-6 cells from apoptosis under high glucose stress by inhibiting the phosphorylation activity of mTOR.
    Gymnemic acid I
  • HY-141867
    Z-FF-FMK
    		Inhibitor
    Z-FF-FMK (Z-Phe-Phe-FMK) is a cell-permeable, irreversible, and cysteine protease inhibitor targeting cathepsin-L. Z-FF-FMK inhibits angiotensin II-induced MEK activation in vascular walls, aortic medial remodeling, blood pressure elevation, and upregulation of cystatin C in aortic walls. Z-FF-FMK prevents β-amyloid-mediated caspase-3 activation, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, DNA fragmentation, and apoptosis of cortical neurons (apoptosis). Z-FF-FMK can be used in research related to hypertension and Alzheimer's disease.
    Z-FF-FMK
  • HY-114340
    LEM-14
    		Inducer 98.02%
    LEM-14 is a potent and selective NSD2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 132 µM. LEM-14 has very weak activitv against NSD1 and has no activity against NSD3. LEM-14 inhibits fibrotic gene expression in ND but not DIO BMDMs. LEM-14 combined with ionizing radiation (IR) enhances the apoptosis rate and reduces the colony-formation ability of CRC cells. LEM-14 exhibits enhanced anti-tumor efficacy in Balb/c nude mice bearing LoVo cell xenografts when combined with ionizing radiation. LEM-14 has the potential for the research of multiple myeloma and colorectal cancer.
    LEM-14
  • HY-119264A
    PRLX-93936 dihydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.83%
    PRLX-93936 dihydrochloride is a molecular Glues that binds to and reprograms the TRIM21 ubiquitin ligase to degrade nuclear pore complexes. PRLX-93936 dihydrochloride binds to TRIM21, forms a ternary complex with TRIM21 and NUP98, and mediates the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of NUP98 and other nuclear pore complex proteins. PRLX-93936 dihydrochloride induces the loss of short-lived cytoplasmic mRNA transcripts, triggers cancer cell apoptosis (Apoptosis), and inhibits the activated Ras pathway. PRLX-93936 dihydrochloride inhibits HIF-1 under hypoxic conditions (IC50 = 0.09 μM in cell-based reporter gene assay). PRLX-93936 dihydrochloride suppresses tumor growth in mouse models and improves survival rates in mouse models of multiple myeloma. PRLX-93936 dihydrochloride is applicable to research related to pancreatic cancer and multiple myeloma.
    PRLX-93936 dihydrochloride
  • HY-14596S
    Genistein-d4
    		Inducer 98.81%
    Genistein-d4 is the deuterium labeled Genistein. Genistein, a soy isoflavone, is a multiple tyrosine kinases (e.g., EGFR) inhibitor which acts as a chemotherapeutic agent against different types of cancer, mainly by altering apoptosis, the cell cycle, and angiogenesis and inhibiting metastasis.
    Genistein-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-N0351R
    p-Coumaric acid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    p-Coumaric acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of p-Coumaric acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. p-Coumaric acid (trans-4-Hydroxycinnamic acid) is an isomer of cinnamic acid with oral activity. p-Coumaric acid inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis. p-Coumaric acid has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tumor activities.
    p-Coumaric acid (Standard)
  • HY-13267
    Droxinostat
    		Inducer 99.08%
    Droxinostat (NS 41080) is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. Droxinostat selectively inhibits HDAC3, HDAC6, and HDAC8 with IC50 values of 16.9 μM, 2.47 μM, and 1.46 μM, respectively. Droxinostat can be used for the research of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
    Droxinostat
  • HY-B0336
    Pranoprofen
    		Inducer 98.56%
    Pranoprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) for the research of keratitis or other ophthalmology diseases. Pranoprofen inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, thus blocking arachidonic acid converted to eicosanoids and reducing prostaglandins synthesis.
    Pranoprofen
  • HY-P4846
    Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH
    		Inhibitor 99.49%
    Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH is an endogenous degradation product of extracellular collagen and acts as a CXCR2 agonist. Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH exerts bactericidal activity by generating hydrogen peroxide, inhibits pulmonary inflammation, and reduces immune cell apoptosis (apoptosis). Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH promotes the production of IFN-γ and inhibits the production of TNF-α and IL-6 in leukocytes. Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH increases the survival rate of mice in sepsis models, enhances the bactericidal activity of neutrophils, acts as a neutrophil chemoattractant, induces neutrophil polarization, and regulates inflammatory and repair processes. Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH induces chronic inflammation and tissue remodeling through sustained action. Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH is released via alkaline hydrolysis of corneal proteins in alkali-injured eyes, thereby driving the early infiltration of neutrophils into the cornea. Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH is applicable to research related to sepsis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, severe asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and corneal ulcer.
    Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH
  • HY-100517
    TP-472
    		Inducer 99.54%
    TP-472, a chemical probe, is a selective BRD9/7 inhibitor, with Kds of 33 nM and 340 nM for BRD9 and BRD7, respectively. TP-472 exhibits >30-fold selectivity for BRD9 over other bromodomain family members except BRD7. TP-472 induces apoptosis of melanoma cells.
    TP-472
  • HY-W082785A
    L6H21
    		Inhibitor 99.19%
    L6H21, a Chalcone (HY-121054) derivative, is an orally active, potent and specific myeloid differentiation 2 (MD-2) inhibitor. L6H21 directly binds to MD-2 protein with a high affinity and low KD value of 33.3 μM, blocking the formation of the LPS-TLR4/MD-2 complex. L6H21 inhibits LPS-induced expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in RAW264.7 macrophages, with IC50 values of 6.58 and 8.59 μM, respectively. L6H21 can be used for alcoholic liver disease, metabolic disturbance and neuroinflammation research.
    L6H21
  • HY-125834
    GMB-475
    		Inducer 98.69%
    GMB-475 is a potent BCR-ABL1 PROTAC based on Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL). GMB-475 targets the nutmeg pocket of ABL1 in an ectopic manner and degrades BCR-ABL1 protein through the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. GMB-475 inhibits the proliferation of human K562 cells and mouse Ba/F3 cells, and is used for the study of chronic myeloid leukemia.
    GMB-475
  • HY-13208
    Xevinapant hydrochloride
    		Inducer 98.11%
    Xevinapant (AT-406) hydrochloride is a potent and orally bioavailable Smac mimetic and an antagonist of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). Xevinapant hydrochloride binds to XIAP, cIAP1, and cIAP2 proteins with Kis of 66.4, 1.9, and 5.1 nM, respectively. Xevinapant hydrochloride effectively antagonizes XIAP BIR3 protein in a cell-free functional assay, induces rapid degradation of cellular cIAP1 protein, and inhibits cancer cell growth in various human cancer cell lines. Xevinapant hydrochloride is highly effective in induction of apoptosis in xenograft tumors.
    Xevinapant hydrochloride
  • HY-13343
    ZM 336372
    		Inducer 98.03%
    ZM 336372 is a potent inhibitor of the protein kinase c-Raf. The IC50 value is 0.07 μM in the standard assay, which contains 0.1 mM ATP.
    ZM 336372
  • HY-12456
    Duocarmycin SA
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Duocarmycin SA is an orally active antitumor antibiotic with an IC50 of 10 pM. Duocarmycin SA is an extremely potent cytotoxic agent capable of inducing a sequence-selective alkylation of duplex DNA. Duocarmycin SA demonstrates synergistic cytotoxicity against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells treated with proton radiation in vitro.
    Duocarmycin SA
  • HY-16559
    Riviciclib hydrochloride
    		Activator 99.08%
    Riviciclib hydrochloride (P276-00) is a potent cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, which inhibits CDK9-cyclinT1, CDK4-cyclin D1, and CDK1-cyclinB with IC50s of 20 nM, 63 nM, and 79 nM, respectively. Riviciclib hydrochloride (P276-00) shows antitumor activity on cisplatin-resistant cells.
    Riviciclib hydrochloride
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity