Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH 

Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH is an endogenous degradation product of extracellular collagen and acts as a CXCR2 agonist. Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH exerts bactericidal activity by generating hydrogen peroxide, inhibits pulmonary inflammation, and reduces immune cell apoptosis (apoptosis). Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH promotes the production of IFN-γ and inhibits the production of TNF-α and IL-6 in leukocytes. Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH increases the survival rate of mice in sepsis models, enhances the bactericidal activity of neutrophils, acts as a neutrophil chemoattractant, induces neutrophil polarization, and regulates inflammatory and repair processes. Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH induces chronic inflammation and tissue remodeling through sustained action. Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH is released via alkaline hydrolysis of corneal proteins in alkali-injured eyes, thereby driving the early infiltration of neutrophils into the cornea. Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH is applicable to research related to sepsis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, severe asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and corneal ulcer^[1][2][3].

Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH (0-50 μM; 10 min) induces concentration-dependent hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production in isolated mouse neutrophils via CXCR2^[1].
Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH (0-50 μM; 1 h) enhances the concentration-dependent bactericidal activity of isolated murine neutrophils^[1].
Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH (1-20 μM; 30 min pre-incubation, 24 h LPS stimulation) modulates cytokine production in LPS-stimulated mouse splenocytes, inhibits the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in a concentration-dependent manner, while enhancing the type 1 cytokine IFN-γ, with the most potent effect observed at 20 μM^[1].
Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH (0.1-50 μM; 1 h) enhances the concentration-dependent bactericidal activity of isolated human neutrophils, reaching a maximum killing rate (approximately 95%) at 20 μM and 50 μM^[1].
Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH (0-20 μM; 30 min pre-incubation, 3 h LPS stimulation) regulates cytokine production in LPS (HY-D1056)-stimulated human neutrophils and PBMCs. It inhibits the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and enhances the type 1 cytokine IFN-γ in a concentration-dependent manner, with the strongest effect observed at 20 μM^[1].
Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH activates neutrophils, mediates superoxide anion production, MMP-9 release and CXCL8 release by binding to CXCR1/2, and induces G protein-dependent neutrophil chemotaxis^[2].
Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH promotes CXCR2-dependent paracellular permeability in endothelial cells and the release of endothelin-1 in aortic endothelial cells^[2].
Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH induces CXCR2-dependent migration, proliferation and tube formation of endothelial progenitor cells^[2].
Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH resists degradation mediated by LTA₄H, but is susceptible to degradation by ACE^[2].
Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH induces polarization in isolated human neutrophils with an EC₅₀ of 0.50 mM^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH (7.5-17.5 mg/kg; s.c.) significantly improves the survival rate of ICR mice with sepsis induced by CLP or E. coli in a dose-dependent manner by activating CXCR2, alleviates organ inflammation and immune cell apoptosis, enhances bacterial clearance, regulates cytokine production, and reduces the incidence of fatal sepsis in ICR mice with LPS-induced sepsis^[1].
Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH drives neutrophil recruitment and corneal ulcer formation in an alkali-injured rabbit corneal model^[2].
Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH induces dose-dependent airway neutrophilic inflammation in mice via the CXCR2 signaling pathway, triggers emphysema in *Mus musculus*, abrogates bleomycin hydrochloride (HY-17565A)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice, and promotes cutaneous neovascularization and wound healing in mice^[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

311.33

C₁₄H₂₁N₃O₅

292171-04-1

Solid

White to off-white

Ac-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH

Ac-PGP-OH

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Sealed storage, away from moisture

*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

• [1]. Kim SD, et al. Activation of CXCR2 by extracellular matrix degradation product acetylated Pro-Gly-Pro has therapeutic effects against sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(2):243-251.  [Content Brief]

  [2]. Patel DF, et al. The multifaceted roles of the matrikine Pro-Gly-Pro in pulmonary health and disease. Eur Respir Rev. 2018;27(148):180017. Published 2018 Jun 27.  [Content Brief]

  [3]. Lee YC, et al. NMR conformational analysis of cis and trans proline isomers in the neutrophil chemoattractant, N-acetyl-proline-glycine-proline. Biopolymers. 2001;58(6):548-561.  [Content Brief]

  [4]. Wu JW, et al. Network Pharmacology-Based and Experimental Validation Elucidate the Target Mechanism of Vinorine in Ameliorating Secondary Brain Injury After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2025;31(9):e70609.  [Content Brief]