2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-19566
    NQDI-1
    		Inducer 98.11%
    NQDI-1 inhibits apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) with a Ki of 500 nM and an IC50 of 3 μM.
    NQDI-1
  • HY-124748A
    ENMD-1068 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 98.33%
    ENMD-1068 hydrochloride is a selective protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) antagonist. ENMD-1068 hydrochloride reduces hepatic stellate cell activation and collagen expression by inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad signaling. ENMD-1068 hydrochloride also inhibits the proliferation of endometrial cells and induces apoptosis of epithelial cells in the lesion. ENMD-1068 hydrochloride can be used in the study of endometriosis and liver fibrosis.
    ENMD-1068 hydrochloride
  • HY-150505
    DC-U4106
    		Inducer 98.09%
    DC-U4106 is a USP8 targeting inhibitor with the Kdvalue of 4.7 μM and the IC50 value of 1.2 μM. DC-U4106 can target the ubiquitin pathway and facilitate the degradation of Erα. DC-U4106 inhibits tumor growth with minimal toxicity and has the potential for the research of breast cancer.
    DC-U4106
  • HY-137506
    XST-14
    		Inducer 99.26%
    XST-14 is a potent, competitive and highly selective ULK1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 26.6 nM. XST-14 induces autophagy inhibition by reducing the phosphorylation of the ULK1 downstream substrate. XST-14 induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and has antitumor effects.
    XST-14
  • HY-P9976A
    Isatuximab (anti-CD38)
    		Inducer 98.44%
    Isatuximab (anti-CD38) is a monoclonal antibody that targets the transmembrane receptor and extracellular enzyme CD38, a protein highly expressed in hematological malignancies, including multiple myeloma. Isatuximab (anti-CD38) exhibits anti-tumor activity through multiple biological mechanisms, including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cell phagocytosis, and non-crosslinking direct induction of apoptosis. Isatuximab (anti-CD38) also directly inhibits the extracellular enzyme activity of CD38, which is related to many cellular functions.
    Isatuximab (anti-CD38)
  • HY-B0277A
    Vidarabine phosphate
    		Inducer 99.44%
    Vidarabine phosphate (ara-AMP; ara-A 5'-monophosphate) is a purine nucleoside antiviral agent and a prodrug of Vidarabine (HY-B0277). Vidarabine phosphate is rapidly converted into the antiviral active Vidarabine in vivo, which selectively inhibits viral DNA polymerase and cellular ribonucleotide reductase, thereby blocking viral replication. Vidarabine phosphate also exhibits antifungal activity, induces late-stage cellular apoptosis, and causes cell cycle arrest. Vidarabine phosphate can be used in research related to severe chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, herpes infection, and candidiasis.
    Vidarabine phosphate
  • HY-P2813
    Hirudin
    		Inhibitor
    Hirudin is a thrombin inhibitor with blood anticoagulant property. Hirudin has potent anti-thrombotic, wound repair, anti-fibrosis, anti-tumor and anti-hyperuricemia effects. Hirudin also affects diabetic complications, cerebral hemorrhage, and others.
    Hirudin
  • HY-103712B
    Samuraciclib hydrochloride dihydrate
    		Inducer 99.90%
    Samuraciclib (CT7001) hydrochloride hydrate is a potent, selective, ATP-competitive and orally active CDK7 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 41 nM. Samuraciclib hydrochloride hydrate displays 45-, 15-, 230- and 30-fold selectivity over CDK1, CDK2 (IC50 of 578 nM), CDK5 and CDK9, respectively. Samuraciclib hydrochloride hydrate inhibits the growth of breast cancer cell lines with GI50 values between 0.2-0.3 μM. Samuraciclib hydrochloride hydrate has anti-tumor effects.
    Samuraciclib hydrochloride dihydrate
  • HY-108716
    Felezonexor
    		Inducer 99.79%
    CBS9106 (SL-801) is a reversible oral CRM1 inhibitor with CRM1 degrading and antitumor activities. CBS9106, inhibits CRM1-dependent nuclear export, causing arrest of the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner for a broad spectrum of cancer cells.
    Felezonexor
  • HY-W015084
    β-Ionone
    		Inducer 99.85%
    β-Ionone is effective in the induction of apoptosis in gastric adenocarcinoma SGC7901 cells. Anti-cancer activity.
    β-Ionone
  • HY-16660
    INH1
    		Inducer 99.85%
    INH1 specifically disrupts the Hec1/Nek2 interaction via direct Hec1 binding. INH1 shows promising cancer inhibition activity both in vitro and in vivo.
    INH1
  • HY-B0809R
    Theophylline (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Theophylline (Standard) is the analytical standard of Theophylline. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) is a potent phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, adenosine receptor antagonist, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activator. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) inhibits PDE3 activity to relax airway smooth muscle. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) has anti-inflammatory activity by increase IL-10 and inhibit NF-κB into the nucleus. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) induces apoptosis. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) can be used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) research.
    Theophylline (Standard)
  • HY-111183
    Neocarzinostatin (solution)
    		Inducer 99.9%
    Neocarzinostatin (solution), a potent DNA-damaging, anti-tumor antibiotic, recognizes double-stranded DNA bulge and induces DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Neocarzinostatin induces apoptosis. Neocarzinostatin has potential for EpCAM-positive cancers treatment .
    Neocarzinostatin (solution)
  • HY-N0839
    Quillaic acid
    		Inducer 99.87%
    Quillaic acid (Quillaja sapogenin)It is an anti-gastric cancer and anti-proliferation agent that can promote apoptosis of cancer cells. (apoptosis). Quillaic acidAlso has analgesic and local anti-inflammatory activity.
    Quillaic acid
  • HY-146754
    MMP2-IN-1
    		Inducer 99.24%
    MMP2-IN-1 is a moderate potenet MMP2 inhibitor with IC50 of 6.8 µM. MMP2-IN-1 exhibits remarkable antiproliferative activity in certain cancer cells by arresting the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis.
    MMP2-IN-1
  • HY-162774A
    GRP75-IN-1 dihydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.75%
    GRP75-IN-1 hydrochloride (compound 33) is an anti-endometrial cancer (EC) agent that induces apoptosis. GRP75-IN-1 hydrochloride reduces Ca2+ levels in mitochondria by targeting GRP75 and disrupting its interaction with IP3R.
    GRP75-IN-1 dihydrochloride
  • HY-20878
    Tyrphostin AG 879
    		Inducer 99.26%
    Tyrphostin AG 879 (AG 879) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that inhibits TrKA phosphorylation (IC50 of 10 μM), but not TrKB and TrKC. Tyrphostin AG 879 is also a selective ErbB2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 1 μM, and has at least 500-fold higher selectivity to ErbB2 than EGFR. Tyrphostin AG 879 has anticancer activity.
    Tyrphostin AG 879
  • HY-Z0548
    Methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate
    		Inducer 99.88%
    Methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (Protocatechuic acid methyl ester; Methyl protocatechuate) is a major metabolite of antioxidant polyphenols found in green tea. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect.
    Methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate
  • HY-136750
    Z-LLY-FMK
    		Inhibitor 98.65%
    Z-LLY-FMK (Calpain Inhibitor IV) is a calpain inhibitor, involved in apoptosis of many cell systems. Z-LLY-FMK inhibits the intestine apoptosis after common bile duct ligation. Z-LLY-FMK reduces parasite burden in mice challenged with Taenia crassiceps cysts. Z-LLY-FMK can be used for the study of cysticercosis.
    Z-LLY-FMK
  • HY-110390
    GR148672X
    		Inducer 99.58%
    GR148672X is an inhibitor of carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) and hepatic microsomal triglyceride hydrolase (TGH). GR148672X blocks the catalytic activity of CES1, impairs the functions of triglyceride and cholesteryl ester lipase, reduces triglyceride mobilization and secretion, and decreases apolipoprotein B-100 secretion in primary rat hepatocytes. Under low-glucose conditions, GR148672X inhibits the survival of colorectal cancer cells by reducing free fatty acid availability, inducing toxic triglyceride accumulation, ROS production, mitochondrial damage, ferroptosis and apoptosis. GR148672X can be used in studies related to colorectal cancer and atherosclerosis.
    GR148672X
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity