2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0716BR
    Berberine sulfate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Berberine (sulfate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Berberine (sulfate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Berberine sulfate is an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine Huanglian, as an antibiotic. Berberine sulfate induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inhibits DNA topoisomerase. Berberine sulfate has antineoplastic properties. The sulfate form improves bioavailability[1][2].
    Berberine sulfate (Standard)
  • HY-162772
    IDH1/2-IN-1
    		Inducer
    IDH1/2-IN-1 (Compound 6b) serves as a dual inhibitor of IDH1(R132H)/IDH2(R140Q) with IC50 values of 0.22 μM and 1.6 μM, respectively. IDH1/2-IN-1 effectively inhibits tumor growth by suppressing tumor cell proliferation and enhancing host defense through the activation of antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, IDH1/2-IN-1 reduces inflammation and promotes apoptosis, demonstrating robust antitumor activity. IDH1/2-IN-1 holds potential for research in leukemia.
    IDH1/2-IN-1
  • HY-170651
    CDK4/6/HDAC-IN-1
    		Activator
    CDK4/6/HDAC-IN-1 (Compound N14) is a dual-targeting inhibitor of CDK4/6 and HDAC (IC50: CDK4 = 7.23 nM, CDK6 = 13.20 nM, HDAC1 = 55.66 nM, HDAC6 = 48.38 nM). CDK4/6/HDAC-IN-1 induces cell Apoptosis and G0/G1 phase arrest through HDAC-p21-CDK signaling pathway. CDK4/6/HDAC-IN-1 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma.
    CDK4/6/HDAC-IN-1
  • HY-162936
    SILA-123
    SILA-123 is a FLT3 inhibitor (FLT3-WT: IC50=2.1 nM; FLT3-ITD: IC50=1.0 nM). SILA-123 inhibits FLT3 phosphorylation and downstream signaling pathways, leading to apoptosis by arresting cell cycle progression at the G0/G1 phase. SILA-123 can be used in the study of acute myeloid leukemia.
    SILA-123
  • HY-176237
    Nampt-IN-16
    		Inducer
    Nampt-IN-16 (Compound 9a) is an orally active NAMPT inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.15 μM. Nampt-IN-16 can reduce intracellular NAD+ and ATP levels. Nampt-IN-16 can inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion, induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and alter cellular metabolism of gastric cancer cells. Nampt-IN-16 can be used in the research of tumors such as gastric cancer.
    Nampt-IN-16
  • HY-156092
    Antitumor photosensitizer-4
    		Inducer
    Antitumor photosensitizer-4 (compound 10b) is a potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) targeting ABCG2. Antitumor photosensitizer-4 is a photosensitizer (PS) consisting of a conjugate of dasatinib (HY-10181) and imatinib (HY-15463). Antitumor photosensitizer-4 induces apoptosis and ROS production and exhibits strong phototoxicity to HepG2 and B16-F10 cells.
    Antitumor photosensitizer-4
  • HY-146367
    VEGFR-2-IN-19
    		Inducer
    VEGFR-2-IN-19 (Compound 15b) is a potent VEGFR2 inhibitor. VEGFR-2-IN-19 induces cell apoptosis and increases intracellular reactive oxygen species level. VEGFR-2-IN-19 can be used as an anticancer agent.
    VEGFR-2-IN-19
  • HY-N0083R
    Betulin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Betulin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Betulin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Betulin (Trochol), is a sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) inhibitor with an IC50 of 14.5 μM in K562 cell line.
    Betulin (Standard)
  • HY-162103
    Axl-IN-18
    		Inducer
    Axl-IN-18 (compound 25c) is a potent and selective type II AXL inhibitor. Axl-IN-18 shows excellent AXL inhibitory activity (IC50=1.1 nM) and 343-fold selectivity over the highly homologous kinase MET in biochemical assays (IC50=377 nM). Axl-IN-18 significantly inhibits AXL-driven cell proliferation, dose-dependently suppresses 4T1 cell migration and invasion, and induces apoptosis. Axl-IN-18 shows noticeable antitumor efficacy in a BaF3/TEL-AXL xenograft model.
    Axl-IN-18
  • HY-146276
    CDK/HDAC-IN-2
    		Inducer
    CDK/HDAC-IN-2 is a potent HDAC/CDK dual inhibitor with IC50 of 6.4, 0.25, 45, >1000, 8.63, 0.30, >1000 nM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC6,8, CDK1, CDK2, CDK4,6,7, respectively. CDK/HDAC-IN-2 shows excellent antiproliferative activities. CDK/HDAC-IN-2 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. CDK/HDAC-IN-2 shows potent antitumor efficacy.
    CDK/HDAC-IN-2
  • HY-163616
    Anticancer agent 221
    		Inducer
    Anticancer agent 221 (Compound 4h) is an orally active anticancer agent and an antioxidant agent. Anticancer agent 221 exhibits cytotoxicity to cancer cells A549 (IC50=22.09 µg/mL) and MCF-7 (IC50=6.40 µg/mL), and induces apoptosis. Anticancer agent 221 exhibits antioxidant efficacy with an IC50 of 42.46 μM in DPPH experiment. Anticancer agent 221 exhibits antitumor efficacy against breast cancer in mouse models.
    Anticancer agent 221
  • HY-107835R
    Flumethrin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Flumethrin (Standard) (FCR 2769 (Standard)) is the analytical standard of Flumethrin (HY-107835). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Flumethrin (FCR 2769) is a pyrethroid insecticide and acaricide. Flumethrin targets voltage-gated sodium channels and estrogen receptor α (ERα). Flumethrin induces cytotoxicity, apoptosis, genotoxicity and DNA damage in breast cancer cells by regulating the expression of BCL2, BAX, TP53 and P21 genes. Flumethrin is applicable to relevant studies on ectoparasite infections (tick and flea burdens) in dogs and cats, as well as breast cancer.
    Flumethrin (Standard)
  • HY-W470101
    HIF-2α-IN-17
    		Inducer
    HIF-2α-IN-17 is a selective hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF2α) inhibitor that binds to the PAS-B domain of HIF2α. HIF-2α-IN-17 disrupts the interaction between HIF2α and the molecular chaperone Hsp70, leading to proteasomal degradation of HIF2α. HIF-2α-IN-17 exhibits antitumor activity and induces apoptosis in cancer cells. HIF-2α-IN-17 is applicable for research on cancers such as clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
    HIF-2α-IN-17
  • HY-124624
    PBOX-15
    		Inducer
    PBOX-15 is a microtubule targeting agent. PBOX-15 induces apoptosis by promoting tubulin depolymerization in tumor cells.
    PBOX-15
  • HY-168183
    MG28
    MG28 exhibits a remarkable cytotoxic effect, which is the likely consequence of its direct and intense DNA damaging activity. MG28 can be used for the research of cancer.
    MG28
  • HY-170849
    Nur77 modulator 4
    Nur77 modulator 4 (Compound 15h) is a Nur77 inducer with a KD of 0.477 μM. Nur77 modulator 4 significantly induces Nur77 expression and apoptosis, showing excellent growth inhibition in HepG2 and MCF-7 cells, with an IC50 of less than 5 μM. Nur77 modulator 4 activates Nur77-mediated ER stress through the PERK-ATF4 and IRE1 signaling pathways, thereby inducing cell apoptosis. Nur77 modulator 4 can be used in cancer research applications .
    Nur77 modulator 4
  • HY-W653958
    Oxybenzone-d3
    Oxybenzone-d3 (Benzophenone 3-d3) is a deuterium labeled Oxybenzone (HY-A0067). Oxybenzone (Benzophenone 3) is a commonly used UV filter in sun tans and skin protectants. Oxybenzone act as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and can pass through the placental and blood-brain barriers. Benzophenone-3 impairs autophagy, alters epigenetic status, and disrupts retinoid X receptor signaling in apoptotic neuronal cells.
    Oxybenzone-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-Y0842S5
    Formamide-d2
    Formamide-d2 is the deuterium labeled Formamide (HY-Y0842). Formamide is an effective DNA denaturant that significantly reduces the stability of DNA in buffer solutions. Formamide can also be used as a decalcifying agent for rat cardiac cells. Additionally, formamide is widely used as a solvent or chemical raw material for ion compounds, resins, and plasticizers.
    Formamide-d<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-170954
    C-Met/Axl-IN-1
    		Inducer
    C-Met/Axl-IN-1 (Compound 22a) is an orally active and selective type II c-Met/Axl inhibitor with IC50 values of 1 nM and 10 nM, respectively. C-Met/Axl-IN-1 can inhibit proliferation, induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of tumor cells. C-Met/Axl-IN-1 has strong anti-tumor activity.
    C-Met/Axl-IN-1
  • HY-139062
    C6 Urea Ceramide
    		Inducer
    C6 Urea Ceramide (Cer(d18:1/6:0) Urea) is an inhibitor of neutral ceramidase. C6 Urea Ceramide increases total ceramide levels in wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and HT-29 colon cancer cells. C6 Urea Ceramide (5-10 μM) inhibits proliferation of HT-29 cells and induces apoptosis and autophagy, but is not toxic to non-cancerous cells. C6 Urea Ceramide decreases total and phosphorylated β-catenin levels in HT-29 and HCT116 cells, and induces colocalization of β-catenin with the 20S proteasome. C6 Urea Ceramide (1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg) reduced tumor growth and increased C16, C18, C20, and C24 ceramide levels in tumor tissues in the HT-29 mouse xenograft model.
    C6 Urea Ceramide
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity