2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N6725
    Sterigmatocystine
    		Inducer 99.74%
    Sterigmatocystine is a precursor of aflatoxins and a mycotoxin produced by common mold strains from Aspergillus versicolor. Sterigmatocystine, a inhibitor of G1 Phase and DNA synthesis, is used to inhibit p21 activity. Sterigmatocystine has teratogenic, and carcinogenic effects in animals.
    Sterigmatocystine
  • HY-156135
    NSC194598
    		Inducer 98.90%
    NSC194598 is a p53 DNA-binding inhibitor with an IC50 value of 180 nM. NSC194598 inhibits p53 DNA binding and induction of target genesn when p53 is stabilized and activated by irradiation or chemotherapy. NSC194598 can interfere with transcriptional activation of mutated rearranged during transfection (RET) gene, induce apoptosis and G0/G1 phase arrest. NSC194598 can be used for the researches of acute radiation toxicity and medullary thyroid carcinoma.
    NSC194598
  • HY-N6714
    Alternariol
    		Activator 99.88%
    Alternariol is an orally ingested mycotoxin produced by Alternaria, capable of inhibiting the activity of topoisomerase I and II (topoisomerase I, topoisomerase II). Alternariol has weak estrogenic (Estrogen Receptor/ERR) and androgen/antiandrogen (Androgen Receptor) effects. Alternariol can induce apoptosis, trigger cell cycle arrest, suppress innate immune responses, and exhibit anti-tumor activity. Alternariol has genotoxic, mutagenic, and endocrine-disrupting effects.
    Alternariol
  • HY-N0695
    Schisantherin B
    		Inhibitor 99.75%
    Schisantherin B (Gomisin-B) is a lignan compound and one of the active components of Schisandra chinensis. Schisantherin B activates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, restores the activity of GSK3β, and reduces the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in hippocampal and cerebral cortical tissues. Schisantherin B upregulates the level of GLT-1, decreases the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α/IL-1β/IL-6, upregulates the expression of IL-10, and inhibits cell apoptosis. Schisantherin B is applicable to the research of spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and depression.
    Schisantherin B
  • HY-N2521
    Tetramethylcurcumin
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Tetramethylcurcumin (FLLL31), derived from curcumin, specifically suppresses the phosphorylation of STAT3 by binding selectively to Janus kinase 2 and the STAT3 Src homology-2 domain. Tetramethylcurcumin exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects.
    Tetramethylcurcumin
  • HY-33350
    Clofilium tosylate
    		Inducer 99.60%
    Clofilium tosylate, a potassium channel blocker, induces apoptosis of human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells via Bcl-2-insensitive activation of caspase-3. Antiarrhythmic agent.
    Clofilium tosylate
  • HY-N6893
    Ergolide
    		Inducer 99.48%
    Ergolide is an orally active dual inhibitor targeting NF-κB/p65 and NLRP3. Ergolide blocks the NF-κB signaling pathway and the nuclear translocation of p65, and irreversibly binds to the NACHT domain of NLRP3 to inhibit inflammasome assembly. Ergolide significantly reduces the production of inflammatory mediators (e.g., NO, PGE2) and cytokines, induces cancer cell apoptosis, autophagy and ROS generation. Ergolide also enhances the anti-tumor effect of vincristine. Ergolide alleviates acute lung injury via an NLRP3-dependent mechanism, and effectively improves the survival rate and behavioral function of septic mice and inflammatory zebrafish models. Ergolide is used in the research of metastatic uveal melanoma, neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease), sepsis and acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
    Ergolide
  • HY-113294R
    3-Hydroxykynurenine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    3-Hydroxykynurenine (Standard) is the analytical standard of 3-Hydroxykynurenine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 3-Hydroxykynurenine, a metabolite of tryptophan, is a potential endogenous neurotoxin whose increased levels have been described in several neurodegenerative disorders. 3-Hydroxykynurenine induces neuronal apoptosis.
    3-Hydroxykynurenine (Standard)
  • HY-155339
    Anticancer agent 168
    		Inducer 99.55%
    Anticancer agent 168 (compound d16) is a inhibitor of DNA2. Anticancer agent 168 induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest mainly at S-phase, and exhibits anticancer activities and overcomes chemotherapy resistance in mutp53-bearing cancers.
    Anticancer agent 168
  • HY-B0854
    Mancozeb
    		Inducer
    Mancozeb is a widely used fungicide that is effective against fungal diseases in most cereals, vegetables, fruits and ornamental plants. In addition, Mancozeb can cause liver damage in mice by activating the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Mancozeb upregulates lactate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c to alter cell metabolism and induce cell death. Mancozeb has reproductive toxicity and can induce apoptosis in ovarian cells.
    Mancozeb
  • HY-12293
    LY2857785
    		Inducer 99.21%
    LY2857785 is a type I reversible and competitive ATP kinase inhibitor against CDK9 (IC50 11 nM) and other transcription kinases CDK8 (IC50 16 nM), and CDK7 (IC50 246 nM).
    LY2857785
  • HY-N5064
    Bacoside A3
    		Inhibitor 99.85%
    Bacoside A3 is a triterpenoid saponin isolated from Bacopa monnieri. Bacoside A3 has neuroprotective activity, downregulating β-amyloid-induced inflammatory responses and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis. Bacoside A3 can be used in the study of Alzheimer's disease.
    Bacoside A3
  • HY-145542
    Isovalerylcarnitine chloride
    		Inducer 99.48%
    Isovalerylcarnitine chloride is a metabolite of leucine. Isovalerylcarnitine chloride can specifically activate calpain in human neutrophils. Isovalerylcarnitine chloride inhibits tumor cell proliferation and induces apoptosis. Elevated circulating levels of Isovalerylcarnitine chloride are negatively correlated with reduced lung cancer risk.
    Isovalerylcarnitine chloride
  • HY-143692
    SQDG
    		Inducer 99.0%
    SQDG inhibits topoisomerase I and P-selectin receptor, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antitumor activities. SQDG is a glycolipid that possesses sugar moieties in their head groups. SQDG is a membrane lipid that can be used to investigate the effects of structural lipid in LNP formulations.
    SQDG
  • HY-N2374
    Eupatorin
    		99.53%
    Eupatorin is an orally active flavonoid with antiproliferative and vasodilatory properties. Eupatorin downregulates the expression levels of NF-κB, MMP9, IL-1β and TNF-α. Eupatorin induces apoptosis, G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Eupatorin modulates the activities of muscarinic receptors and β-adrenergic receptors; inhibits sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release and calcium channels; and activates the NO/sGC/cGMP pathway, indomethacin-sensitive pathway, and potassium channel pathway. Eupatorin exerts cytotoxic effects on cancer cell lines, and is metabolized by CYP1A1 and CYP1 family enzymes to form metabolites with antiproliferative activity. Eupatorin can be used in research related to breast cancer, hypertension, and leukemia.
    Eupatorin
  • HY-15881
    TCS JNK 5a
    		Inducer 99.40%
    TCS JNK 5a is a potent JNK3 inhibitor with a pIC50 of 6.7. TCS JNK 5a also inhibits JNK2 with a pIC50 of 6.5.
    TCS JNK 5a
  • HY-114489A
    Haemanthamine
    		Activator
    Haemanthamine is a crinine-type alkaloid isolated from the Amaryllidaceae plants with potent anticancer activity. Haemanthamine targets ribosomal that inhibits protein biosynthesis during the elongation stage of translation. Haemanthamine has pro-apoptotic, antioxidant, antiviral, antimalarial and anticonvulsant activities.
    Haemanthamine
  • HY-13503
    Epothilone A
    		Inducer 99.81%
    Epothilone A is a competitive inhibitor of the binding of [3H] paclitaxel to tubulin polymers, with a Ki of 0.6-1.4 μM.
    Epothilone A
  • HY-N0392
    Polygalasaponin F
    		Inhibitor 99.85%
    Polygalasaponin F is an orally active triterpenoid saponin monomer. Polygalasaponin F downregulates the expression of Bax, p53, caspase-3, NF-κB p65 and MEK1; restores and upregulates the expression of Bcl-2; activates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway; inhibits the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, nuclear translocation of NF-κB, TLR4-mediated signaling pathway, mitophagy (Mitophagy) and ROS production; enhances cell viability and suppresses apoptosis (Apoptosis). Polygalasaponin F maintains mitochondrial function, alleviates Ca2+ overload, upregulates pCREB and BDNF, preserves cell viability and inhibits the release of inflammatory cytokines. Polygalasaponin F alleviates lung injury induced by influenza A H1N1 and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Polygalasaponin F is applicable to researches related to Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemia, pneumonia induced by influenza A H1N1, stroke and Alzheimer's disease.
    Polygalasaponin F
  • HY-I0673
    Flucofuron
    		Inducer 99.75%
    Flucofuron exhibits high efficacy against trophozoites of both N. fowleri strains (ATCC 30808 : IC50 = 2.58 μM and ATCC 30215: IC50 = 2.47 μM), being even active against the resistant cyst stage (IC50 = 0.88 μM). Flucofuron can induce cell apoptosis. Flucofuron can be used for the researches of infection and inflammation, such as Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM).
    Flucofuron
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity