2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Caspase

Caspase

Caspase

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Caspase is a family of cysteine proteases that play essential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell death), necrosis, and inflammation. There are two types of apoptotic caspases: initiator (apical) caspases and effector (executioner) caspases. Initiator caspases (e.g., CASP2, CASP8, CASP9, and CASP10) cleave inactive pro-forms of effector caspases, thereby activating them. Effector caspases (e.g., CASP3, CASP6, CASP7) in turn cleave other protein substrates within the cell, to trigger the apoptotic process. The initiation of this cascade reaction is regulated by caspase inhibitors. CASP4 and CASP5, which are overexpressed in some cases of vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases caused by NALP1 variants, are not currently classified as initiator or effector in MeSH, because they are inflammatory enzymes that, in concert with CASP1, are involved in T-cell maturation.

Caspase Isoform Specific Products:

Caspase Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-W011683S3
    2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate-5′-13C
    		Activator
    2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate-5′-13C is the 13C labeled 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate (HY-W011683). 2′-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate is an adenine nucleoside that inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin release. 2′-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate inhibits glucose-stimulated increases seen in islet cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation. 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate activates caspase-3 and promotes apoptosis. 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate inhibits the activity of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH). 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate inhibits the growth of various cells. 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate has an anticancer effect on colon cancer.
    2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate-5′-<sup>13</sup>C
  • HY-149978
    LSD1-IN-26
    		Modulator
    LSD1-IN-26 (compound 12u) is a potent LSD1 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 25.3 nM. LSD1-IN-26 also inhibits MAO-A (IC50=1234.57 nM) and MAO-B (IC50=3819.27 nM). LSD1-IN-26 significantly induces apoptosis in MGC-803 cells. LSD1-IN-26 can be used for gastric cancer research.
    LSD1-IN-26
  • HY-183790
    SMU-G4
    		Activator
    SMU-G4 is a Tubulin polymerization inhibitor. SMU-G4 induces G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, triggers Apoptosis, and upregulates the expression of Cleaved-Caspase 3. SMU-G4 exhibits in vivo anti-tumor activity in melanoma xenograft models. SMU-G4 can be used for research related to melanoma.
    SMU-G4
  • HY-181084
    PROTAC BCL6/GSPT1 Degrader-1
    		Modulator
    PROTAC BCL6/GSPT1 Degrader-1 is a dual-target PROTAC degrader that targets BCL6 and GSPT1. PROTAC BCL6/GSPT1 Degrader-1 inhibits cell proliferation, promotes DNA damage, and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. PROTAC BCL6/GSPT1 Degrader-1 can be used for research on tumors such as lymphoma.
    PROTAC BCL6/GSPT1 Degrader-1
  • HY-178944
    CDC25-IN-1
    		Activator
    CDC25-IN-1 (Compound D11b) is a potent inhibitor of cell division cycle 25 (CDC25) phosphatase. CDC25-IN-1 exerts strong inhibitory effects on leukemia and colorectal cancer cells. CDC25-IN-1 blocks CDC25 mediated CDK1 Tyr15 dephosphorylation, delays G2/M progression, and induces caspase-dependent apoptosis with DNA damage. CDC25-IN-1 can be used for researches of leukemia and colorectal cancer.
    CDC25-IN-1
  • HY-183778
    Antiangiogenic agent 9
    		Activator
    Antiangiogenic agent 9 is an antiangiogenic agent and also a VEGFR-2 inhibitor. Antiangiogenic agent 9 induces apoptosis of breast cancer cells by activating caspase-3 (apoptosis). Antiangiogenic agent 9 exhibits antiproliferative activity against breast cancer cells. Antiangiogenic agent 9 can be used for the research of breast cancer.
    Antiangiogenic agent 9
  • HY-173228
    Anticancer agent 269
    		Activator
    Anticancer agent 269 (Compound 11c) is an orally active caspase-3 activator that promotes ROS generation by activating caspase-3, induces cancer cell apoptosis (Apoptosis), and exhibits significant anticancer activity. It can be used for research in the field of cancer.
    Anticancer agent 269
  • HY-P10285S
    d-KLA Peptide-d30
    d-KLA Peptide (D-(KLAKLAK)2)-d30 is the deuterium labeled d-KLA Peptide (HY-P10285). d-KLA Peptide, KLA peptide (HY-P5345) isomer, is a pro-apoptosis peptide. d-KLA Peptide can specifically target mitochondria and induce apoptosis by destroying the mitochondrial membrane. d-KLA Peptide increases caspase 3/7 activity, exerts proapoptotic activity and enhances antitumor efficacy in mouse melanoma models.
    d-KLA Peptide-d<sub>30</sub>
  • HY-P10162
    Ac-DMQD-AMC
    Ac-DMQD-AMC is an inhibitor of caspase-3. Ac-DMQD-AMC is an aromatic amine using aminium-based coupling reagent HATU in the presence of 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (TMP).
    Ac-DMQD-AMC
  • HY-122778R
    δ-Tocotrienol (Standard)
    		Activator
    δ-Tocotrienol (Standard) is the analytical standard of δ-Tocotrienol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. δ-Tocotrienol is a Vitamin E in vegetables, fruits, seeds, nuts, grains and oils. Vitamin E has become well known for its role as an antioxidant, in lowering cholesterol and other lipids, as a neuroprotective and anticancer agent, and in cardiovascular disease protection.
    δ-Tocotrienol (Standard)
  • HY-149523
    Anticancer agent 157
    		Activator
    Anticancer agent 157 (compound 15) is a NO inhibitor (IC50=0.62 μg/mL) with anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. Anticancer agent 157 can bind to iNOS (inducible NO synthase) and caspase 8, causing nuclear fragmentation and chromatin condensation, inducing apoptosis. Anticancer agent 157 inhibits HT29 colon cancer cells (IC50=2.45 μg/mL), Hep-G2 liver cancer cells (IC50=3.25 μg/mL), and B16-F10 murine melanoma cells (IC50=3.84 μg/mL).
    Anticancer agent 157
  • HY-182760
    MN33-63
    		Activator
    MN33-63 is a Bcl-2 inhibitor, caspase-3 activator and DNA crosslinker with broad-spectrum anticancer activity. MN33-63 improves the water solubility of SN-38 (HY-13704), inhibits tumor growth and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, and causes no obvious toxicity. MN33-63 relieves the inhibition of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, initiates the apoptosis program, inhibits Topo I activity, and promotes its degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosome pathways. MN33-63 induces DNA crosslinking, G2/M cell cycle arrest, inhibition of cancer cell migration, and cancer cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. MN33-63 can be used in the research of colorectal cancer, cervical cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma and gastric cancer.
    MN33-63
  • HY-178911
    TS-IN-8
    		Activator
    TS-IN-8 is a potent thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibitor. TS-IN-8 can induce apoptosis and cause cell cycle arrest at the G2/M in MCF-7 cells. TS-IN-8 can induce nuclear morphological changes. TS-IN-8 can increase intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. TS-IN-8 can activate intrinsic apoptosis pathways by regulating apoptosis-related proteins such as the bax/bcl-2 ratio and caspase activation. TS-IN-8 can be used for the study of breast cancer.
    TS-IN-8
  • HY-181413
    PROTAC EZH2 Degrader-44
    		Activator
    PROTAC EZH2 Degrader-44 (compound 60) is a highly efficient PROTAC degrader targeting the EZH2-PRC2 complex. By recruiting the CRBN E3 ligase and relying on the proteasome system, PROTAC EZH2 Degrader-44 simultaneously induces the degradation of core components EZH2, SUZ12 and EED, thereby significantly reducing the levels of H3K27me3 and CARM1. PROTAC EZH2 Degrader-44 exerts antiproliferative effects through a dual mechanism: on the one hand, it triggers mitochondrial dysfunction leading to decreased membrane potential; on the other hand, it strongly promotes apoptosis by regulating Bcl-2 family proteins (upregulating Bax, Caspase-3 and PARP, and downregulating Bcl-2). PROTAC EZH2 Degrader-44 exhibits only extremely low cytotoxicity in human normal mammary epithelial, liver and kidney cells, showing a favorable safety window. PROTAC EZH2 Degrader-44 is an ideal tool molecule for exploring the mechanisms of targeted therapy for triple-negative breast cancer.
    PROTAC EZH2 Degrader-44
  • HY-175039
    FAK-IN-28
    		Agonist
    FAK-IN-28 is an orally active FAK inhibitor (IC50 = 0.4 nM). FAK-IN-28 exhibits dual antiproliferative and anti-metastatic properties. FAK-IN-28 triggers caspase-3-dependent apoptosis via ROS elevation. FAK-IN-28 inhibits tumor growth without causing weight loss or hepatotoxicity. FAK-IN-28 is useful in the study of FAK-driven malignancies, such as colon cancer, cervical cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, and melanoma.
    FAK-IN-28
  • HY-171837
    c9,t11,c15-CLNA
    		Activator
    c9,t11,c15-CLNA is a conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA) isomer produced by Lactobacillus plantarum ZS2058. c9,t11,c15-CLNA has significant anti-proliferation activity against colon cancer cells (IC50: 18.26 μM). c9,t11,c15-CLNA induces pyroptosis by activating the canonical pyroptosis pathway mediated by caspase-1. c9,t11,c15-CLNA can be used in the study of colon cancer.
    c9,t11,c15-CLNA
  • HY-176993
    2-Et-AZT
    		Inhibitor
    2-Et-AZT is a modified Azidothymidine (HY-17413). 2-Et-AZT inhibits caspase-1 activation. 2-Et-AZT reduces choroidal neovascularization (CNV) volume.
    2-Et-AZT
  • HY-W009141R
    1-Monopalmitin (Standard)
    		Activator
    1-Monopalmitin (Glyceryl palmitate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of 1-Monopalmitin (HY-W009141). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 1-Monopalmitin (Glyceryl palmitate) is an activator of the PI3K/Akt pathway and an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). 1-Monopalmitin can induce G2/M arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis in cancer cells, while inhibiting IAPs protein expression. 1-Monopalmitin can increase drug accumulation by inhibiting P-gp activity in intestinal Caco-2 cells. 1-Monopalmitin has the ability to induce protective autophagy and apoptosis of lung cancer cells (IC50=50-58 μg/mL), with low toxicity to normal cells.
    1-Monopalmitin (Standard)
  • HY-175034
    Topoisomerase I/II-IN-1
    		Agonist
    Topoisomerase I/II-IN-1 is a dual inhibitor of topoisomerase I/II. Topoisomerase I/II-IN-1 induces G2/M arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells by upregulating p53, p21, and Bax mRNA levels, caspase-3 protein levels, and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, while downregulating Bcl-2. Topoisomerase I/II-IN-1 is useful in the study of various cancers, including melanoma, renal cancer, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer.
    Topoisomerase I/II-IN-1
  • HY-146444
    Anticancer agent 56
    		Activator
    Anticancer agent 56 (compound 4d) is a potent anti-cancer agent with agent-likeness properties, possessing anticancer activity against several cancer cell lines (IC50<3 μM). Anticancer agent 56 induces cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and triggers mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Anticancer agent 56 acts by accumulation of ROS, up regulation of BAX, down regulation of Bcl-2 and activation of caspases 3, 7, 9.
    Anticancer agent 56
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Species Source
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download Caspase Signaling Pathway Map.

Upon binding to their cognate ligand, death receptors such as Fas and TRAILR can activate initiator Caspases (Pro-caspase 8 and Pro-caspase 10) through dimerization mediated by adaptor proteins such as FADD and TRADD. Active Caspase 8 and Caspase 10 then cleave and activate the effector Caspase 3, 6 and 7, leading to apoptosis. ROS/DNA damage and ER stress trigger Caspase 2 activation. Active Caspase 2 cleaves and activates Caspase 3 and initiates apoptosis directly. Caspase 2, 8 and 10 can also cleave Bid, stimulate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and initiate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Following MOMP, mitochondrial intermembrane space proteins such as Smac and Cytochrome C are released into the cytosol. Cytochrome C interacts with Apaf-1, triggering apoptosome assembly, which activates Caspase 9. Active Caspase 9, in turn, activates Caspase 3, 6 and 7, leading to apoptosis. Mitochondrial release of Smac facilitates apoptosis by blocking the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. 

 

Following the binding of TNF to TNFR1, TNFR1 binds to TRADD, which recruits RIPK1, TRAF2/5 and cIAP1/2 to form TNFR1 signaling complex I. Formation of the complex IIa and complex IIb is initiated either by RIPK1 deubiquitylation mediated by CYLD or by RIPK1 non-ubiquitylation due to depletion of cIAPs. The Pro-caspase 8 homodimer in complex IIa and complex IIb generates active Caspase 8. This active Caspase 8 in the cytosol then carries out cleavage reactions to activate downstream executioner caspases and thus induce classical apoptosis[1][2]. 

 

Reference:

[1]. Thomas C, et al. Caspases in retinal ganglion cell death and axon regeneration. Cell Death Discovery volume 3, Article number: 17032 (2017).
[2]. Brenner D, et al. Regulation of tumour necrosis factor signalling: live or let die. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015 Jun;15(6):362-74.

Caspase Isoform Comparison

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