2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Caspase

Caspase

Caspase

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Caspase is a family of cysteine proteases that play essential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell death), necrosis, and inflammation. There are two types of apoptotic caspases: initiator (apical) caspases and effector (executioner) caspases. Initiator caspases (e.g., CASP2, CASP8, CASP9, and CASP10) cleave inactive pro-forms of effector caspases, thereby activating them. Effector caspases (e.g., CASP3, CASP6, CASP7) in turn cleave other protein substrates within the cell, to trigger the apoptotic process. The initiation of this cascade reaction is regulated by caspase inhibitors. CASP4 and CASP5, which are overexpressed in some cases of vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases caused by NALP1 variants, are not currently classified as initiator or effector in MeSH, because they are inflammatory enzymes that, in concert with CASP1, are involved in T-cell maturation.

Caspase Isoform Specific Products:

Caspase Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-W713297
    Moroxydine (hydrochloride)-d8
    		Inhibitor
    Moroxydine hydrochloride-d8 (ABOB hydrochloride-d8) is the deuterium labeled Moroxydine (ABOB) hydrochloride (HY-B0420A). Moroxydine hydrochloride is a broad-spectrum agent with multi-antiviral activities against DNA and RNA viruses, including influenza virus, herpes simplex, varicella zoster, measles, mumps disease, hepatitis C virus, etc. Moroxydine hydrochloride exhibits excellent antiviral activity and shows low cytotoxicity to cells infected by dsRNA viruses (grass carp reovirus, GCRV) and large DNA viruses (giant salamander iridovirus, GSIV). Moroxydine hydrochloride blocks the GCRV-induced cytopathic effects and eliminates nucleocapsids in ctenopharyngodon idella kidney (CIK) cells to keep the normal morphological structure. Moroxydine hydrochloride significantly inhibits the apoptosis, the caspase 3 activity, Bax expression and down-regulates Bcl-2 levels[1][2][3].
    Moroxydine (hydrochloride)-d<sub>8</sub>
  • HY-155759
    HMGB1-IN-2
    		Inhibitor
    HMGB1-IN-2 (compound 15) is an inhibitor of highly conserved nuclear protein (HMGB1), showing NO inhibitory effect with IC50 value of 20.2 μM in RAW264.7 cells. HMGB1-IN-2 (30 μM) decreases the level of IL-1 β, TNF-α, caspase-1 p20, inhibits the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, exhibits anti-apoptotic activity. HMGB1-IN-2 (15 mg/kg; ip) relives kidney injury in septic acute kidney injury mouse. HMGB1-IN-2 inhibits Huh7 cells and A549 cells with IC50s of 77.0 μM, and 82.0 μM, respectively.
    HMGB1-IN-2
  • HY-N11764
    β-Santalol
    		Activator
    β-Santalol is a sesquiterpene alcohol with apoptosis (apoptosis)-inducing activity and cytotoxic activity. β-Santalol activates caspase-3, induces nuclear chromatin condensation, and promotes the formation of apoptotic bodies. β-Santalol targets cancer cells. β-Santalol can be used in research related to promyelocytic leukemia, lung adenocarcinoma, and oral squamous cell carcinoma.
    β-Santalol
  • HY-P6285
    Z-TPE-2DEVD
    Z-TPE-2DEVD is a specific probe for caspase-3.
    Z-TPE-2DEVD
  • HY-136733
    Ac-DNLD-CHO
    		Inhibitor
    Ac-DNLD-CHO (Ac-Asp-Asn-Leu-Asp-CHO) is a Caspase-3/7 inhibitor (IC50: 9.89, 245 nM respectively; Kiapp: 0.68, 55.7 nM respectively). Ac-DNLD-CHO can be used for research of caspase-mediated apoptosis diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders and viral infection diseases.
    Ac-DNLD-CHO
  • HY-184199
    URAT1-IN-16
    		Inhibitor
    URAT1-IN-16 is an orally active URAT1 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.19 μM. URAT1-IN-16 also functions as an NLRP3 inflammasome pathway inhibitor by effectively suppressing mature IL-1β secretion (IC50 = 2.52 μM). URAT1-IN-16 exhibits remarkable serum uric acid-lowering and anti-inflammatory activities in vivo, and can be used for hyperuricemia and gout research.
    URAT1-IN-16
  • HY-P2610
    Ac-VEID-pNA
    		Activator
    Ac-VEID-pNA is an artificially synthesized peptide. Ac-VEID-pNA is utilized as substrate for caspase 6, that cleaves the lamin A at the cleavage site of VEID.
    Ac-VEID-pNA
  • HY-175036
    YTHu78
    		Activator
    YTHu78 is a KDM5B PROTAC-type degrader. YTHu78 induces KDM5B degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system and triggers apoptosis in MV-4-11 and MM.1S cell lines. YTHu78 exhibits significant antiproliferative activity against a variety of hematological cancer cell lines and can be used to study hematological cancers. (Pink: KDM5B ligand: (HY-116761); Blue: Thalidomide ligand: (HY-14658), Black + Pink: KDM5B ligand + linker: (HY-175145)).
    YTHu78
  • HY-W717425
    SC-60
    		Activator
    SC-60 is a derivative of Sorafenib (HY-10201). SC-60 exerts its anti-tumor effect by activating the phosphatase activity of SHP-1, thereby inhibiting the STAT3 signaling pathway. SC-60 exhibits strong proliferation inhibitory activity in various hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. SC-60 downregulates the expression of downstream anti-apoptotic proteins (such as Bcl-2, Cyclin D1, Survivin), ultimately inducing caspase-dependent apoptosis. SC-60 significantly inhibits tumor growth in xenograft tumor models. SC-60 can be used for the study of HCC.
    SC-60
  • HY-P11581
    MNP2
    		Inhibitor
    MNP2 is a NLRP3-ASC interaction inhibitor. MNP2 selectively binds to the PYD domain of ASC (Ka=149 nM) and blocks ASC-PYM binding (Ka=58 nM), thereby inhibiting the interaction between ASC and NLRP3 and suppressing the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. MNP2 inhibits IL-1β release and caspase-1 maturation, and reduces the efflux of potassium and chloride ions. MNP2 prevents mitochondrial damage and reactive oxygen species production, and significantly decreases NLRP3 inflammasome formation in neurodegenerative pathologies induced by β-amyloid, Tau protein and α-synuclein. MNP2 is applicable for the research of neurodegenerative diseases.
    MNP2
  • HY-183366
    HDAC1-IN-14
    		Activator
    HDAC1-IN-14 is an indole-based benzamide selective HDAC1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 77 nM. HDAC1-IN-14 acts as an antiproliferative agent, with GI50 values ranging from nanomolar to low micromolar levels in various cancer cells. HDAC1-IN-14 induces G0-G1 cell cycle arrest in colon cancer cells. HDAC1-IN-14 upregulates the expression of Caspase-3, Cyto-C and Bax, and downregulates the expression of AKT-1. HDAC1-IN-14 can be used in research related to leukemia, non-small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, central nervous system cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer, renal cancer, prostate cancer and breast cancer.
    HDAC1-IN-14
  • HY-183870
    NCO-90
    		Activator
    NCO-90 is a selective SIRT2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.0 μM. NCO-90 induces Apoptosis via Caspase activation and mitochondrial superoxide anion production, and also induces Autophagic cell death by increasing LC3-II levels and autophagosome accumulation. NCO-90 exhibits anticancer activity against leukemia. NCO-90 can be used in research related to acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia.
    NCO-90
  • HY-177208
    BW-AQ-113
    		Inducer
    BW-AQ-113 is an Anthraquinone (HY-N0354) derivative. BW-AQ-113 can specifically degrade MDM2 and activate the p53 pathway. BW-AQ-113 can induce apoptosis by downregulating anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 and regulating pro-apoptotic gene Bax and CASP3. BW-AQ-113 can be used for research of p53 wild-type hematological malignancies.
    BW-AQ-113
  • HY-155613
    M867
    		Inhibitor
    M867 is a selective and reversible inhibitor of caspase-3 with an IC50 of 1.4 nM and Ki of 0.7 nM. M867 has anti apoptotic activity.
    M867
  • HY-134353A
    ADP-β-S trisodium
    		Activator
    ADP-β-S (Adenosine 5'-(β-thiodiphosphate)) trilithium is a non-hydrolyzable ADP analog and a P2Y12 receptor agonist. ADP-β-S trilithium activates the P2Y12 receptor in microglia, thereby triggering downstream inflammatory signaling pathways. ADP-β-S trilithium activates P2Y purinergic receptors in rat pancreatic β cells and enhances glucose-induced insulin secretion. ADP-β-S trilithium can be used in the research of diseases such as inflammation and diabetes.
    ADP-β-S trisodium
  • HY-178938
    AR Degrader-3
    		Activator
    AR Degrader-3 is an orally active molecular glue that targets AR/ARV7 and induces the degradation of AR and ARV7 through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP). AR Degrader-3 directly interacts with the ligand-binding domain (LBD) and the N-terminal domain (NTD) of AR. AR Degrader-3 effectively suppresses the transcriptional activity of wild-type AR (AR-WT), AR mutants, and ARV7. AR Degrader-3 downregulates the mRNA and protein levels of downstream AR target genes, thereby overcoming antiandrogen resistance mediated by ARV7 and AR point mutations. AR Degrader-3 induces apoptosis in Enzalutamide (HY-70002) (ENZa)-resistant cells and increases cleaved caspase-3 protein levels. AR Degrader-3 can be used for the study of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).
    AR Degrader-3
  • HY-178955
    EGFR-IN-182
    		Activator
    EGFR-IN-182 (Compound 4) is an EGFR inhibitor with an IC50 value of 199 nM. EGFR-IN-182 inhibits HSP90 and PI3K, with IC50 values of 5.007 and 13.596 μM respectively. EGFR-IN-182 exhibits strong anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. EGFR-IN-182 downregulates Cyclin D1, inducing cell cycle arrest; it enhances the activity of caspase-9, inducing cell apoptosis. EGFR-IN-182 downregulates the expressions of ERK and AKT. EGFR-IN-182 can be used for research on breast cancer.
    EGFR-IN-182
  • HY-N0213R
    Peiminine (Standard)
    Peiminine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Peiminine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Peiminine is a compound that can be isolated from Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maxim) Franquet (Cucurbitaceae family). Peiminine can induce apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells through both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Peiminine has anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-osteoporosis, cardioprotective and other activities in many animal models.
    Peiminine (Standard)
  • HY-144792
    Bcl-2-IN-7
    		Activator
    Bcl-2-IN-7 (compound 6) is a potent Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2) inhibitor. Bcl-2-IN-7 down-regulates the expression of Bcl-2, and increases the expression of p53, Bax, and caspase-7 mRNA. Bcl-2-IN-7 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Bcl-2-IN-7 shows good anticancer activity, with IC50 values of 20.17, 22.64, 45.57, and 51.50 μM against MCF-7, LoVo, HepG2, and A549 cell lines, respectively.
    Bcl-2-IN-7
  • HY-136728
    Ac-YVAD-AOM
    		Inhibitor
    Ac-YVAD-AOM is the inhibitor of caspase-1 that shows antitumor activity.
    Ac-YVAD-AOM
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Species Source
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download Caspase Signaling Pathway Map.

Upon binding to their cognate ligand, death receptors such as Fas and TRAILR can activate initiator Caspases (Pro-caspase 8 and Pro-caspase 10) through dimerization mediated by adaptor proteins such as FADD and TRADD. Active Caspase 8 and Caspase 10 then cleave and activate the effector Caspase 3, 6 and 7, leading to apoptosis. ROS/DNA damage and ER stress trigger Caspase 2 activation. Active Caspase 2 cleaves and activates Caspase 3 and initiates apoptosis directly. Caspase 2, 8 and 10 can also cleave Bid, stimulate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and initiate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Following MOMP, mitochondrial intermembrane space proteins such as Smac and Cytochrome C are released into the cytosol. Cytochrome C interacts with Apaf-1, triggering apoptosome assembly, which activates Caspase 9. Active Caspase 9, in turn, activates Caspase 3, 6 and 7, leading to apoptosis. Mitochondrial release of Smac facilitates apoptosis by blocking the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. 

 

Following the binding of TNF to TNFR1, TNFR1 binds to TRADD, which recruits RIPK1, TRAF2/5 and cIAP1/2 to form TNFR1 signaling complex I. Formation of the complex IIa and complex IIb is initiated either by RIPK1 deubiquitylation mediated by CYLD or by RIPK1 non-ubiquitylation due to depletion of cIAPs. The Pro-caspase 8 homodimer in complex IIa and complex IIb generates active Caspase 8. This active Caspase 8 in the cytosol then carries out cleavage reactions to activate downstream executioner caspases and thus induce classical apoptosis[1][2]. 

 

Reference:

[1]. Thomas C, et al. Caspases in retinal ganglion cell death and axon regeneration. Cell Death Discovery volume 3, Article number: 17032 (2017).
[2]. Brenner D, et al. Regulation of tumour necrosis factor signalling: live or let die. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015 Jun;15(6):362-74.

Caspase Isoform Comparison

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