Exosomes

Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles, typically ranging in diameter from approximately 40 to 160 nm; originating from the endosomal pathway, they mediate intercellular communication by transferring proteins, lipids, DNA, mRNA, microRNA, and other bioactive substances between donor and recipient cells. Exosomes possess a unique combination of attributes-including natural targeting capabilities, low immunogenicity, biocompatibility, a long circulatory half-life, and the ability to traverse biological barriers (including the blood-brain barrier)-making them a highly attractive platform for applications in cancer therapy, regenerative medicine, disease diagnosis, and drug delivery. Mechanistically, tumor-derived exosomes regulate tumor progression through intercellular signaling; by delivering oncogenic miRNAs, proteins, and signaling mediators to stromal and immune cells, they promote angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), immune evasion, tumor metastasis, and the formation of a pre-metastatic niche. Furthermore, exosomes can induce and exacerbate chemotherapy resistance by shielding tumor cells from cytotoxic drugs and by transferring drug-resistance traits to neighboring cells.
In the field of drug development, engineered exosomes are being utilized as nanocarriers for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents, siRNAs, miRNAs, lncRNAs, CRISPR payloads, and immunomodulators. In disease models involving breast cancer, lung cancer, glioma, colorectal cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma, this strategy has effectively reduced systemic toxicity while simultaneously enhancing tumor-targeting specificity. Moreover, exosomes are being applied in tissue repair, the modulation of inflammatory diseases, the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, and precision diagnostics based on "liquid biopsy" technologies; the biomarkers carried within circulating exosomes facilitate the early screening of diseases and the real-time monitoring of therapeutic efficacy.

References:

[1]. Exosome Overview. Medicine and Dentistry. Sciencedirect.

[2]. Chen Q, et al. Exosomes as Novel Delivery Systems for Application in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Molecules. 2022 Nov 12;27(22):7789. [Content Brief]

[3]. Nafar S, et al. Exosome as a target for cancer treatment. J Investig Med. 2022 Jun;70(5):1212-1218. [Content Brief]

[4]. Petersen D, et al. Binding and intracellular transport of 25-hydroxycholesterol by Niemann-Pick C2 protein. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr. 2020 Feb 1;1862(2):183063. [Content Brief]

[5]. Basyoni AE, et al. Harnessing exosomes for targeted drug delivery systems to combat brain cancer. Cancer Cell Int. 2025 Apr 15;25(1):150. [Content Brief]

[6]. Aghebati-Maleki A, et al. Implications of exosomes as diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in cancer. J Cell Physiol. 2019 Dec;234(12):21694-21706. [Content Brief]

[7]. Mousavi S, et al. Tumor-derived exosomes: Potential biomarkers and therapeutic target in the treatment of colorectal cancer. J Cell Physiol. 2019 Aug;234(8):12422-12432. [Content Brief]

[8]. Panigrahi AR, et al. Exosomes: Insights and therapeutic applications in cancer. Transl Oncol. 2022 Jul;21:101439. [Content Brief]

[9]. Mirgh D,et al. Landscape of exosomes to modified exosomes: a state of the art in cancer therapy. RSC Adv. 2024 Sep 26;14(42):30807-30829. [Content Brief]

[10]. Xiao Q, Tan M, Yan G, Peng L. Revolutionizing lung cancer treatment: harnessing exosomes as early diagnostic biomarkers, therapeutics and nano-delivery platforms. J Nanobiotechnology. 2025 Mar 21;23(1):232.

[11]. Sarkar S, et al. Exosomes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review of Current Research and Future Directions. J Cell Mol Med. 2025 Jul;29(14):e70723.

[12]. Luo X, et al. Mechanistic Insights into the Anti-Glioma Effects of Exosome-Like Nanoparticles Derived from Garcinia Mangostana L.: A Metabolomics, Network Pharmacology, and Experimental Study. Int J Nanomedicine. 2025 Apr 27;20:5407-5427.

[13]. Feng P, et al. The Roles of Exosomes in Anti-Cancer Drugs. Cancer Med. 2025 May;14(9):e70897.

[14]. Zhao B, et al Exosome-like nanoparticles derived from fruits, vegetables, and herbs: innovative strategies of therapeutic and drug delivery. Theranostics. 2024 Aug 1;14(12):4598-4621.

Exosomes Related Products (69):

By Effects:	Inhibitors (40) Modulators (4) Inducers (10)

Cat. No.	Product Name	Effect	Purity	Chemical Structure

HY-14648

Dexamethasone	Inhibitor	99.86%
Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist, apoptosis inducer, and common disease inducer in experimental animals, constructing models of muscle atrophy, hypertension, and depression. Dexamethasone can inhibit the production of inflammatory miRNA-155 exosomes in macrophages and significantly reduce the expression of inflammatory factors in neutrophils and monocytes. Dexamethasone also has potential for use in COVID-19 research.

HY-90006

5-Fluorouracil	Inhibitor	99.99%
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an analogue of uracil and a potent antitumor agent. 5-Fluorouracil affects pyrimidine synthesis by inhibiting thymidylate synthetase thus depleting intracellular dTTP pools. 5-Fluorouracil induces apoptosis and can be used as a chemical sensitizer. 5-Fluorouracil also inhibits HIV.

HY-19363

GW4869	Inhibitor	98.86%
GW4869 is a noncompetitive neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 1 μM. GW4869 is an inhibitor of exosome biogenesis/release.

HY-A0098

Tunicamycin	Inducer	99.96%
Tunicamycin is a mixture of homologous nucleoside antibiotic that inhibits N-linked glycosylation and blocks GlcNAc phosphotransferase (GPT). Tunicamycin causes accumulation of unfolded proteins in cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and induces ER stress, and causes blocking of DNA synthesis and cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. Tunicamycin inhibits gram-positive bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and viruses and has anti-cancer activity.Tunicamycin increases exosome release in cervical cancer cells.

HY-17567A

Heparin sodium salt	Inhibitor
Heparin sodium salt (Sodium heparin) is an anticoagulant which binds reversibly to antithrombin III (ATIII) and greatly accelerates the rate at which ATIII inactivates coagulation enzymes thrombin factor IIa and factor Xa. Heparin sodium salt significantly inhibits exosome-cell interactions.

HY-148978A

18:0,18:1 PS		99.95%
18:0,18:1 PS is the dominant phosphatidylserine subtype in cells, exosomes and HIV particles. It is abundant in the brain and is essential for maintaining membrane structure, lipid raft organization and intracellular trafficking. 18:0,18:1 PS mediates interleaflet membrane coupling through cholesterol-dependent interactions with very long-chain sphingolipids, and can induce the clustering of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins. In addition, clusters formed by the binding of 18:0,18:1 PS to cholesterol not only facilitate the proper distribution of cholesterol in lipid bilayers, but also effectively protect cholesterol from oxidative damage.

HY-182639

AM9928	Inhibitor
AM9928 is a monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor with IC₅₀ and K_i values of 8.9 nM and 7.3 nM, respectively. AM9928 blocks the adhesion and migration of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells, and inhibits the secretion of IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF-A by TNBC cells. AM9928 suppresses the activation of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) induced by TNBC-derived exosomes, and reduces the secretion of IL-8 and VEGF-A by HBMECs. AM9928 attenuates changes in blood-brain barrier permeability, inhibits tumor growth in the mammary fat pad, and reduces brain colonization of TNBC. AM9928 can be used in studies related to triple-negative breast cancer.

HY-P11800A

GPLGVRGC	Modulator
GPLGVRGC is a cysteine-tagged variant of GPLGVRG (HY-P11800). GPLGVRGC is hydrolyzable by MMP13. GPLGVRGC mediates the disassembly of micelle-exosome systems, enhances chondrocyte endocytosis, and promotes responsive system uptake. GPLGVRGC confers targeted delivery and responsive release properties to micelle-exosome systems. GPLGVRGC is applicable to the research of osteoarthritis.

HY-N6682

Cytochalasin D	Inhibitor	99.76%
Cytochalasin D (Zygosporin A) is a potent actin polymerization inhibitor, could be derived from fungus. Cytochalasin D has cell-permeable activity. Cytochalasin D inhibits the G-actin–cofilin interaction by binding to G-actin. Cytochalasin D also inhibits the binding of cofilin to F-actin and decreases the rate of both actin polymerization and depolymerization in living cells. Cytochalasin D can reduce exosome release, in turn reducing the amount of survivin present in the tumour environment. Cytochalasin D induces phosphorylation and cytoplasmic retention of Yap.

HY-N0822

Shikonin	Inhibitor	99.80%
Shikonin is a major component of a Chinese herbal medicine named zicao. Shikonin is a potent TMEM16A chloride channel inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 6.5 μM. Shikonin is a specific pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) inhibitor and can also inhibit TNF-α and NF-κB pathway. Shikonin decreases exosome secretion through the inhibition of glycolysis. Shikonin inhibits AIM2 inflammasome activation.

HY-N0150

Monensin sodium	Modulator	≥98.0%
Monensin (Monensin A) sodium, an orally active antibiotic, is an ionophore that mediates Na⁺/H⁺ exchange. Monensin sodium is a potent Wnt signaling inhibitor. Monensin sodium causes a marked enlargement of the multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and regulates exosome secretion. Monensin sodium can be used for bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections research, and shows anticancer effects.

HY-15435

CHAPS		99.91%
CHAPS is a cholic acid-derived, sulfobetaine-type zwitterionic detergent and micelle-forming agent. CHAPS exhibits properties of weak cationic or nonionic surfactants in different solution systems, undergoes micellization, and forms small, loose hydrophilic aggregates that are temperature-dependent. CHAPS stabilizes mononucleosomes under different ionic strengths, reduces nucleosome sequence specificity, promotes sliding of histone cores along DNA, solubilizes Tamm-Horsfall protein to reduce its interference with urinary exosome isolation, and maintains vesicle structure and the activity of related proteins at the same time. CHAPS is used to recover native folded fusion proteins, enhance the binding capacity of GST fusion proteins, and restore GST enzyme activity. However, CHAPS cannot refold proteins denatured by urea, guanidine hydrochloride or heat, nor can it construct the structure of intrinsically disordered proteins. CHAPS is commonly used in research on the separation and purification of membrane proteins.

HY-17567

Heparin	Inhibitor
Heparin is a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan,that is widely used as an injectable anticoagulant, and has the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule. Heparin significantly inhibits exosome-cell interactions.

HY-W010737

Guanosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt	Inducer	99.58%
Guanosine 5'-triphosphate (5'-GTP) trisodium salt is a G protein (G proteins) signaling activator and a high-energy precursor in the biosynthesis of nucleotide units in DNA and RNA. Guanosine 5'-triphosphate trisodium salt can promote myogenic cell differentiation by upregulating miRNA (miR133a, miR133b) and myogenic regulatory factor expression, and by inducing human myogenic precursor cells to release exosomes containing guanosine molecules. Guanosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt holds promise for research in biosynthesis and skeletal muscle regeneration.

HY-14648C

Dexamethasone (Water Soluble)	Inhibitor	98.0%
Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) Water Soluble is a water-soluble form of Dexamethasone (HY-14648). Dexamethasone is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist, apoptosis inducer, and a common disease inducer in experimental animals. It can be used to construct models of muscle atrophy, hypertension, and depression. Dexamethasone can inhibit the production of inflammatory miRNA-155 exosomes in macrophages and significantly reduce the expression of inflammatory factors in neutrophils and monocytes. Dexamethasone also has the potential to be used in COVID-19 research.(Sale size is the weight of dexamethasone)

HY-12695

Guanosine 5'-triphosphate trisodium	Inducer
Guanosine 5'-triphosphate (5'-GTP) trisodium salt is a G protein (G proteins) signaling activator and a high-energy precursor in the biosynthesis of nucleotide units in DNA and RNA. Guanosine 5'-triphosphate trisodium salt can promote myogenic cell differentiation by upregulating miRNA (miR133a, miR133b) and myogenic regulatory factor expression, and by inducing human myogenic precursor cells to release exosomes containing guanosine molecules. Guanosine-5'-triphosphate trisodium salt holds promise for research in biosynthesis and skeletal muscle regeneration.

HY-13662

Lansoprazole	Inhibitor	99.92%
Lansoprazole (AG 1749) is an orally active proton pump inhibitor which prevents the stomach from producing acid. Lansoprazole (AG 1749) is a potent brain penetrant neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) inhibitor (exosome inhibitor).

HY-120821

Endosidin-2	Inhibitor	99.17%
Endosidin-2 (ES2) is a selective inhibitor targeting the conserved exosome subunit EXO70. Endosidin-2 binds to the C-terminal domain of EXO70, inhibiting exocytosis and endosomal recycling, while promoting vacuolar trafficking in plant cells. Endosidin-2 interferes with the EXO70-mediated vesicle-to-plasma membrane anchoring process, leading to abnormal aggregation of auxin transporters (such as PIN2) in the cytoplasm and redirected to vacuolar degradation, while causing abnormal Golgi structure (such as cup-shaped or ring-shaped vesicles cisternae formation). Endosidin-2 can inhibit exocytosis in plant and mammalian cells and is mainly used to study the dynamic regulation of membrane trafficking (such as polar growth, vesicle sorting).

HY-N6796

Manumycin A	Inhibitor	99.27%
Manumycin A is a polyketide antibiotic and an inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR-1). Manumycin A can inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells and exert its anti-tumor activity through LC3. Manumycin A can downregulate the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human monocytes stimulated by TNF α, and has potential anti-inflammatory activity. Manumycin A can inhibit the Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 signaling and hnRNP H1 in castration resistant prostate cancer cells to suppress exosome biogenesis and secretion.

HY-131002

DPTIP	Inhibitor	99.68%
DPTIP is a potent brain penetrant neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (N-SMase 2) inhibitor (exosome inhibitor), with an IC₅₀ of 30 nM.

Name
Email *

	Sorry, but the email address you supplied was invalid.