2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B0113S1
    Omeprazole-d3-1
    Omeprazole-d3-1 is the deuterium labeled Omeprazole. Omeprazole-1 (H 16868) is an orally active H+,K+-ATPase inhibitor and a proton pump inhibitor. Omeprazole-1 competitively inhibits CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9 activity. Omeprazole-1 inhibits gastric acid secretion and can be used for acid-related gastrointestinal disorders. Omeprazole-1 inhibits pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, autophagosome accumulation (elevated LC3-I and LC3-II levels), oxidative stress, and cytogenetic imbalance, modulates lysosomal transport, reduces inflammatory cytokines. Omeprazole-1 alters small intestinal morphology and magnesium absorption, and induces gastric mucosa morphologic changes. Omeprazole-1 aslo has neuroprotective and antibacterial effects.
    Omeprazole-d<sub>3</sub>-1
  • HY-169938
    LSD1/HDAC-IN-2
    		Inducer
    LSD1/HDAC-IN-2 (Compound 20c) is the inhibitor for LSD and HDAC, that inhibits LSD1, HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC6, and HDAC8, with IC50s of 39.0, 1.4, 1.0, 1.3, 2.9 and 16.0 nM, respectively. LSD1/HDAC-IN-2 inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells, especially the colorectal cancer cells. LSD1/HDAC-IN-2 arrests the cell cycle at G2/M phase, inhibits cell migration, and induces apoptosis in HCT-116 and HT-29 cells. LSD1/HDAC-IN-2 exhibits antitumor efficacy in mouse model without significant toxicity.
    LSD1/HDAC-IN-2
  • HY-B1071R
    Lasalocid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Lasalocid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lasalocid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lasalocid (Lasalocid-A) is an antibacterial and anticoccidial agent that can be used as feed additives. Lasalocid exhibits antitumor activity. Lasalocid is orally active.
    Lasalocid (Standard)
  • HY-181490
    WWZ-11-098
    		Inducer
    WWZ-11-098 is a selective CDK6 PROTAC degrader with DC50 of 2.6 nM. WWZ-11-098 induces degradation of CDK6 in a CRBN-dependent manner, while sparing CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, and CDK9. WWZ-11-098 induces apoptosis, G1-S cell cycle arrest and shows anti-proliferative activity in cancer cells. WWZ-11-098 exhibits antitumor efficacy in a xenograft model without signs of toxicity. WWZ-11-098 can be used for the research of leukemia.
    WWZ-11-098
  • HY-122493
    Illudin M
    		Inducer 99.53%
    Illudin M is a cytotoxic fungal sesquiterpene that can be isolated from the culture medium of Omphalotus illudens mushrooms. Illudin M can alkylate DNA. Illudin M has anti-tumor activities.
    Illudin M
  • HY-N0378S4
    D-Mannitol-d2
    		Inducer
    D-Mannitol-d2 is the deuterium labeled D-Mannitol (HY-N0378). D-Mannitol (Mannitol) is an oral, resistant sugar widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries to promote the absorption and retention of calcium and magnesium through cecal fermentation, while acting as a osmotic diuretic to reduce tissue edema. D-Mannitol can enhance brown fat formation, improve insulin effect, reduce blood sugar levels, And through the start the β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), PGC1α and PKA induced by means of white fat cells into brown fat cells. D-Mannitol is commonly used to maintain osmotic pressure between the plant cytoplasm and the culture medium and protect cells when the cell wall is weakened or even removed.
    D-Mannitol-d<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-W013724S
    Inosine-5'-diphosphate-15N4 dilithium
    		Inhibitor
    Inosine-5'-diphosphate-15N4 dilithium (IDP-15N4 dilithium) is 15N labeled Inosine-5'-diphosphate dilithium. Inosine-5'-diphosphate (IDP) is a decoy substrate of NM23-H2. Inosine-5'-diphosphate has a superior bond capacity on GDP-binding pocket of NM23-H2 (KD: 5.0 μM). Inosine-5'-diphosphate abrogates c-MYC transcription, induces apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest by disrupting NM23-H2-Pu27-GQ interactions without affecting NM23-H2-mediated kinase properties. Inosine-5'-diphosphate has antihypoxic, antihyperthermic and antiarrhythmic activity and protects animals against the noxious effects of γ-irradiation. Inosine-5'-diphosphate can be used for cancers like Burkitt's lymphoma and cardiovascular diseases research.
    Inosine-5'-diphosphate-<sup>15</sup>N<sub>4</sub> dilithium
  • HY-157213
    LWY713
    		Inducer
    LWY713 is a PROTAC-class FLT3 degrader (DC50=0.64 nM), which selectively induces FLT3 degradation via cereblon and proteasome-dependent pathways. LWY713 inhibits cell proliferation and induces G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis in MV4-11 cells. LWY713 shows effective in vivo antitumor activity in MV4-11 xenograft models. LWY713 consists of a target protein ligand (red part) Gilteritinib (HY-12432), an E3 ubiquitin ligase ligand (blue part) Lenalidomide-F (HY-W039233), and a PROTAC linker (black part) Glycolic acid (HY-W015967). E3 ubiquitin ligase and linker can form Lenalidomide-Glycolic acid (HY-169373); the active control for the target protein ligand is Naproxen Gilteritinib (HY-169374).
    LWY713
  • HY-N0488S2
    Vincristine-d6 sulfate
    		Inducer
    Vincristine-d6 (sulfate) is the deuterium labeled Vincristine sulfate. Vincristine sulfate (Leurocristine; NSC-67574; 22-Oxovincaleukoblastine) is a microtubule inhibitor that disrupts microtubule polymerization by binding to β-tubulin (with a Ki of 85 nM in bovine), arrests the cell cycle and induces apoptosis. Vincristine sulfate inhibits cell replication, tumor blood flow and the proliferation of various cancer cells, while triggering effects such as oxidative stress, inflammation, calcium overload, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and peripheral neuropathic pain. Vincristine sulfate upregulates the expression of various transporters and nuclear receptors, and enriches gastric cancer stem-like cells. Vincristine sulfate is used in research related to various tumors including acute lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, gastric cancer, solid tumors and sarcomas.
    Vincristine-d<sub>6</sub> sulfate
  • HY-183791A
    Ferroptosis/apoptosis inducer-5
    		Inducer
    Ferroptosis/apoptosis inducer-5 (Compound 14) is an orally active inducer of Ferroptosis and Apoptosis. Ferroptosis/apoptosis inducer-5 downregulates GPX4, upregulates ACSL4, promotes ROS production, activates the Caspase cascade, induces Mitochondrial dysfunction, and alters the Bcl-2/Bax balance. Ferroptosis/apoptosis inducer-5 significantly inhibits tumor growth in a pancreatic cancer xenograft mouse model. Ferroptosis/apoptosis inducer-5 can be used for the research of pancreatic cancer.
    Ferroptosis/apoptosis inducer-5
  • HY-78131S1
    Ibuprofen-13C,d3
    		Inducer
    Ibuprofen-13C,d3 is the 13C- and deuterium labeled Ibuprofen. Ibuprofen is an anti-inflammatory agent targeting COX-1 and COX-2 with IC50s of 13 μM and 370 μM, respectively.
    Ibuprofen-<sup>13</sup>C,d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-16229
    GGTI-2154
    		Inhibitor
    GGTI-2154 is a potent and selective inhibitor of geranylgeranyltransferase I (GGTase I), with an IC50 of 21 nM. GGTI-2154 shows more than 200-fold selectivity for GGTase I over FTase (IC50=5600 nM). GGTI-2154 can be used for the research of cancer.
    GGTI-2154
  • HY-B0166E
    L-Ascorbic acid magnesium
    		Inducer
    L-Ascorbic acid (L-Ascorbate) magnesium, an electron donor, is an endogenous antioxidant. L-Ascorbic acid selectively inhibits Cav3.2 channels with an IC50 of 6.5 μM. L-Ascorbic acid is also a collagen deposition promoter and elastin production inhibitor. L-Ascorbic acid exhibits anticancer effects by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and selectively damaging cancer cells.
    L-Ascorbic acid magnesium
  • HY-181626
    NN-01-195
    		Inducer
    NN-01-195 is a HSP90 and AURKA inhibitor. NN-01-195 binds tightly to and inhibits AURKA and HSP90, with an IC50 of 3.1 nM against AURKA and an IC50 of 8.7 nM against HSP90α. NN-01-195 induces mitotic arrest and spindle abnormality in tumor cells, and triggers cell apoptosis. NN-01-195 can be used in the research of solid tumors.
    NN-01-195
  • HY-144659
    Metallo-β-lactamase-IN-5
    		Inducer
    Metallo-β-lactamase-IN-5 (compound 5c) is a potent metallo-β-lactamases (MBL) inhibitor. Metallo-β-lactamase-IN-5 shows inhibitory activity against MBLs NDM-1 and VIM-1. Metallo-β-lactamase-IN-5 inhibits HUVECs with an IC50 of 45 μg/mL. Metallo-β-lactamase-IN-5 plus Imipenem exhibits synergistic antimicrobial activity.
    Metallo-β-lactamase-IN-5
  • HY-14541S2
    Olanzapine-d8
    		Inducer 99.9%
    Olanzapine-d8 is a deuterated labeled Olanzapine. Olanzapine (LY170053) is a selective, orally active monoaminergic antagonist with high affinity binding to serotonin H1, 5HT2A/2C, 5HT3, 5HT6 (Ki=7, 4, 11, 57, and 5 nM, respectively), dopamine D1-4 (Ki=11 to 31 nM), muscarinic M1-5 (Ki=1.9-25 nM), and adrenergic α1 receptor (Ki=19 nM). Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic.
    Olanzapine-d<sub>8</sub>
  • HY-B0797S
    Etretinate-d3
    		Inducer
    Etretinate-d3 is the deuterium labeled Etretinate. Etretinate (Ro 10-9359) is a second-generation retinoid that has the potential for severe psoriasis research.
    Etretinate-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-155069
    Antiproliferative agent-27
    		Inducer
    Antiproliferative agent-27 (compound 11) is an antiproliferative agent that significantly reduces the number of tumor cell colonies and induces apoptosis. Antiproliferative agent-27 has the potential to be used in the study of cancer.
    Antiproliferative agent-27
  • HY-P99442
    Apolizumab
    Apolizumab (Hu1D10) is a humanized monoclonal anti-Human leukocyte antigen-DR beta-chain antibody. Apolizumab can mediate apoptosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells in vitro.
    Apolizumab
  • HY-183330
    Topo I/II-IN-3
    		Inducer
    Topo I/II-IN-3 is a dual inhibitor of topoisomerase I/II (topoisomerase I/II), with an IC50 of 8.99 μM against Topo I and an IC50 of 26.92 μM against Topo II. Topo I/II-IN-3 induces DNA damage, elevates intracellular ROS levels, activates the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, and exerts cytotoxicity against cancer cells. Topo I/II-IN-3 upregulates the expression of γ-H2AX, p53, activated caspase-9, Bax and activated caspase-3, while downregulating the expression of Bcl-2. Topo I/II-IN-3 can be used in research related to breast cancer, liver cancer and gastric cancer.
    Topo I/II-IN-3
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity