2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Caspase

Caspase

Caspase

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Caspase is a family of cysteine proteases that play essential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell death), necrosis, and inflammation. There are two types of apoptotic caspases: initiator (apical) caspases and effector (executioner) caspases. Initiator caspases (e.g., CASP2, CASP8, CASP9, and CASP10) cleave inactive pro-forms of effector caspases, thereby activating them. Effector caspases (e.g., CASP3, CASP6, CASP7) in turn cleave other protein substrates within the cell, to trigger the apoptotic process. The initiation of this cascade reaction is regulated by caspase inhibitors. CASP4 and CASP5, which are overexpressed in some cases of vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases caused by NALP1 variants, are not currently classified as initiator or effector in MeSH, because they are inflammatory enzymes that, in concert with CASP1, are involved in T-cell maturation.

Caspase Isoform Specific Products:

Caspase Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-P10276
    Ac-VAD-AFC
    Ac-VAD-AFC is a fluorescent substrate for caspases and can be used to test the activity of caspases.
    Ac-VAD-AFC
  • HY-N3584R
    Paris saponin VII (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Paris saponin VII (Standard) is the analytical standard of Paris saponin VII. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Paris saponin VII (Chonglou Saponin VII) is a steroidal saponin isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Trillium tschonoskii. Paris saponin VII-induced apoptosis in K562/ADR cells is associated with Akt/MAPK and the inhibition of P-gp. Paris saponin VII attenuates mitochondrial membrane potential, increases the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, such as Bax and cytochrome c, and decreases the protein expression levels of Bcl-2, caspase-9, caspase-3, PARP-1, and p-Akt. Paris saponin VII induces a robust autophagy in K562/ADR cells and provides a biochemical basis in the treatment of leukemia.
    Paris saponin VII (Standard)
  • HY-13610
    N1,N11-Diethylnorspermine
    		Activator
    N1,N11-Diethylnorspermine is a synthetic analog of the naturally occurring polyamine spermine, can induce polyamine depletion and inhibit tumor cell growth. N1,N11-Diethylnorspermine activates polyamine catabolism and downregulates mTOR protein. N1,N11-Diethylnorspermine induces the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, resulting in activation of caspase 3. N1,N11-Diethylnorspermine tetrahydrochloride kills glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) through induction of SSAT (spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase) coupled with H2O2 production.
    N1,N11-Diethylnorspermine
  • HY-180786
    DdBIC
    		Activator
    DdBIC is a pyroptosis inducer. DdBIC binds to Nur77 and triggers its translocation to mitochondria, activates SDHA to deplete succinyl-CoA, disrupts heme homeostasis, induces electron leakage, and elicits mitochondrial ROS production. DdBIC induces mitochondrial ROS that oxidatively activates OMA1, promotes OPA1 cleavage and its release into the cytoplasm, activates the integrated stress response via PERK, and ultimately activates granzyme B to cleave GSDMC. DdBIC can be used for the study of melanoma.
    DdBIC
  • HY-175037
    DNH28
    		Agonist
    DNH28 is a potent NF-κB and MAPK inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.93 μM against HepG2 cells. DNH28 promotes apoptosis by down-regulating the expression of Bcl-2, up-regulating the expression of BAX and Cleaved-caspase-3. DNH28 blocks the cell cycle and inhibits migration. DNH28 can be used for the study of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
    DNH28
  • HY-RS01949
    CASP2 Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A
    		Inhibitor

    CASP2 Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A contains three designed siRNAs for CASP2 gene (Human), as well as a negative control, a positive control, and a FAM-labeled negative control.
    CASP2 Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A
  • HY-15668
    ST09
    		Activator
    ST09 is an efficient and low toxicity Curcumin (HY-N0005) derivative. ST09 significantly inhibits cell migration and downregulates the expression of MMP1, MMP2, and Vimentin. ST09 has strong cytotoxicity to breast cancer cells, such as MDA-MB-231, MCF7 and T47D cells. ST09 induces cell apoptosis by upregulating Bax and cleaved caspase-3/9. ST09 can be used in the research of cancer such as breast cancer.
    ST09
  • HY-10396A
    (2R,3S)-Emricasan
    		Inhibitor
    (2R,3S)-Emricasan ((2R,3S)-PF 03491390) is an isomer of Emricasan (HY-10396). Emricasan is an orally active and irreversible pan-caspase inhibitor. Emricasan inhibits Zika virus (ZIKV)-induced increases in caspase-3 activity and protected human cortical neural progenitors.
    (2R,3S)-Emricasan
  • HY-181502
    EGFR-IN-197
    		Inducer
    EGFR-IN-197 is an EGFR inhibitor with IC50 values of 19.5 nM and 12.0 nM against EGFRL858R/T790M and EGFRL858R/T790M/C797S, respectively. EGFR-IN-197 arrests the cell cycle of NCI-H1975 cells at the G2/M phase, while inhibiting their proliferation, colony formation and migration; it also inhibits mitochondrial translocation and upregulates mitochondrial H2S levels. EGFR-IN-197 disrupts anti-apoptotic signaling pathways by regulating apoptosis-related proteins; it induces DNA damage and activates pro-apoptotic pathways to trigger apoptosis. EGFR-IN-197 can be used in studies related to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
    EGFR-IN-197
  • HY-RS01953
    Casp3 Mouse Pre-designed siRNA Set A
    		Inhibitor

    Casp3 Mouse Pre-designed siRNA Set A contains three designed siRNAs for Casp3 gene (Mouse), as well as a negative control, a positive control, and a FAM-labeled negative control.
    Casp3 Mouse Pre-designed siRNA Set A
  • HY-P991235
    FS102
    		Activator
    FS102 is a selective Fc fragment with antigen binding (Fcab) that targets HER2 with a KD value of 0.8 nM. FS102 induces the degradation of HER2, activates Caspase 3/7 and disrupts the integrity of the cell membrane, triggering apoptosis of tumor cells. FS102 is promising for research of cancers such as breast cancer, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer.
    FS102
  • HY-P10939
    Ac-DMLD-CMK
    		Inhibitor
    Ac-DmLD-CMK is a caspase 3 inhibitor and a GSDME inhibitor. Ac-DmLD-CMK binds directly to the catalytic domain of caspase-3, blocks caspase-3-mediated cleavage of GSDME, inhibits the activation of caspase 3 and Gsdme in the caspase 3-Gsdme signaling pathway, and reduces the levels of pyroptosis and apoptosis as well as the expression of LDH, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-18. Ac-DmLD-CMK alleviates renal function deterioration, renal tubular epithelial cell injury, inflammatory cytokine secretion, pulmonary structural damage, and chemotherapy-induced nephrotoxicity.
    Ac-DMLD-CMK
  • HY-152748
    Caspase-3/7 activator 1
    		Activator
    Caspase-3/7 activator 1 is an effective activator of Caspase-3/7. Caspase-3/7 activator 1 has tumor selectivity, anti-proliferative activity and high Apoptosis-inducing ability.
    Caspase-3/7 activator 1
  • HY-181843
    HDAC-IN-99
    		Activator
    HDAC-IN-99 is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with an IC50 of 37.73 nM, and it exhibits potent inhibitory activity against HDAC1 (IC50 = 48.09 nM), HDAC2 (IC50 = 300.28 nM) and HDAC6 (IC50 = 9.16 nM). HDAC-IN-99 exerts broad-spectrum antiproliferative activity in various cancer cell lines. HDAC-IN-99 induces S-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in colon cancer cells, increases the acetylation levels of histone H3, histone H4 and α-tubulin, and upregulates the expression of p21 as well as the cleavage of caspase-3. HDAC-IN-99 displays antitumor activity in colon cancer xenograft models. HDAC-IN-99 can be used for the research of colon cancer.
    HDAC-IN-99
  • HY-P10370B
    d-(KLAKLAK)2, Proapoptotic Peptide acetate
    		Activator 98.21%
    d-(KLAKLAK)2, Proapoptotic Peptide acetate is a pro-Apoptotic peptide whose core mechanism of action is to disrupt organelle membranes, especially mitochondrial membranes, thereby inducing apoptosis. d-(KLAKLAK)2, Proapoptotic Peptide acetate activates the activity of caspase 3/7 in cancer cells. Although d-(KLAKLAK)2 Proapoptotic Peptide acetate exhibits very low toxicity to eukaryotic cells extracellularly, it cannot effectively penetrate cell membranes to enter the cytoplasm on its own. d-(KLAKLAK)2, Proapoptotic Peptide acetate must be conjugated with a carrier capable of "homing" and "internalization" to exert its anti-cancer effects.
    d-(KLAKLAK)2, Proapoptotic Peptide acetate
  • HY-178951
    STING-IN-17
    		Inhibitor
    STING-IN-17 (compound 10a) is an orally active STING (human STING IC50 = 29 nM, mouse STING IC50 = 15 nM) inhibitor. STING-IN-17 can inhibit the phosphorylation of STING, TBK1 and IRF3. STING-IN-17 dose dependently inhibits the mRNA expression of IP10, IFNB1 and ISG56. STING-IN-17 can reduce ROS and inhibit the expression of cleaved-PARP/caspase-3. STING-IN-17 can improve kidney function. STING-IN-17 can be used for research on inflammatory conditions such as acute kidney injury.
    STING-IN-17
  • HY-131203
    PROTAC BRD4 Degrader-6
    		Activator
    PROTAC BRD4 Degrader-6 (compound 32a) is a potent small-molecule BRD4PROTAC degrader with IC50 value of 2.7 nM for BRD4 BD1. PROTAC BRD4 Degrader-6 potently degrades BRD4 protein and inhibits the expression of c-Myc. PROTAC BRD4 Degrader-6 inhibits the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC3 and induces apoptosis. PROTAC BRD4 Degrader-6 can be used for human pancreatic cancer research.
    PROTAC BRD4 Degrader-6
  • HY-149331
    TNF-α-IN-11
    		Inhibitor
    TNF-α-IN-11 (Compound 10) is a TNF-α inhibitor with a KD value of 12.06 μM. TNF-α-IN-11 binds to TNF-α and blocks the activation of TNF-α-trigged caspase and NF-κB signaling pathway. TNF-α-IN-11 inhibits the phosphorylation of IκBα, as well as the nuclear translocation of NF κB p65. TNF-α-IN-11 can be used for research of TNF-α-mediated autoimmune diseases.
    TNF-α-IN-11
  • HY-181599
    XAN-5
    XAN-5 is a mitochondrial DNA G-quadruplex (mtG4) ligand with a Kd of 3.8 μM. XAN-5 selectively binds and stabilizes mtG4 structures, disrupting mitochondrial gene transcription and DNA replication. XAN-5 triggers mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS overproduction, G0 phase arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis. XAN-5 inhibits autophagy and induces immunogenic cell death. XAN-5 inhibits tumor growth in a mouse liver cancer model while enhancing tumor-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. XAN-5 targets two cancer resistance mechanisms simultaneously. XAN-5 can be used for the research of liver cancer.
    XAN-5
  • HY-W745905
    2'-Deoxyadenosine-15N1
    2'-Deoxyadenosine-15N1 is the 15N-labeled 2'-Deoxyadenosine (HY-W040329). 2′-Deoxyadenosine is an adenine nucleoside that inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin release. 2′-Deoxyadenosine inhibits glucose-stimulated increases seen in islet cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation. 2'-Deoxyadenosine activates caspase-3 and promotes apoptosis. 2'-Deoxyadenosine inhibits the activity of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH). 2'-Deoxyadenosine inhibits the growth of various cells. 2'-Deoxyadenosine has an anticancer effect on colon cancer.
    2'-Deoxyadenosine-<sup>15</sup>N<sub>1</sub>
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Species Source
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download Caspase Signaling Pathway Map.

Upon binding to their cognate ligand, death receptors such as Fas and TRAILR can activate initiator Caspases (Pro-caspase 8 and Pro-caspase 10) through dimerization mediated by adaptor proteins such as FADD and TRADD. Active Caspase 8 and Caspase 10 then cleave and activate the effector Caspase 3, 6 and 7, leading to apoptosis. ROS/DNA damage and ER stress trigger Caspase 2 activation. Active Caspase 2 cleaves and activates Caspase 3 and initiates apoptosis directly. Caspase 2, 8 and 10 can also cleave Bid, stimulate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and initiate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Following MOMP, mitochondrial intermembrane space proteins such as Smac and Cytochrome C are released into the cytosol. Cytochrome C interacts with Apaf-1, triggering apoptosome assembly, which activates Caspase 9. Active Caspase 9, in turn, activates Caspase 3, 6 and 7, leading to apoptosis. Mitochondrial release of Smac facilitates apoptosis by blocking the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. 

 

Following the binding of TNF to TNFR1, TNFR1 binds to TRADD, which recruits RIPK1, TRAF2/5 and cIAP1/2 to form TNFR1 signaling complex I. Formation of the complex IIa and complex IIb is initiated either by RIPK1 deubiquitylation mediated by CYLD or by RIPK1 non-ubiquitylation due to depletion of cIAPs. The Pro-caspase 8 homodimer in complex IIa and complex IIb generates active Caspase 8. This active Caspase 8 in the cytosol then carries out cleavage reactions to activate downstream executioner caspases and thus induce classical apoptosis[1][2]. 

 

Reference:

[1]. Thomas C, et al. Caspases in retinal ganglion cell death and axon regeneration. Cell Death Discovery volume 3, Article number: 17032 (2017).
[2]. Brenner D, et al. Regulation of tumour necrosis factor signalling: live or let die. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015 Jun;15(6):362-74.

Caspase Isoform Comparison

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